That reflects the political reality of change brought about by costly battles. Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses The Mesopotamian literary corpus is one of the oldest literatures in the world. He loves mythology, history, and geek culture. We have 73 individual gods listed in the Mesopotamian pantheon of gods and spirits. The Mesopotamian core mythology was a mixture of magic and entertainment, with words of wisdom, praise for individual heroes or kings, and magical tales. Pabilshag was a god whose worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period onwards. Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea are a set of twin gods who were worshipped in the village of Kisiga, located in northern. No other trace of a notion of divine essence in humankind is discernible; in fact, human beings were viewed as being utterly powerless to act effectively or to succeed in anything. As a deity associated with the production of water, Enki was considered essential to the life of the people and to the continuity of their cities. This is a list of earth deities.An Earth god or Earth goddess is a deification of the Earth associated with a figure with chthonic or terrestrial attributes. Kumarbi was one of the main gods of the Hurrians, An Elamite deity known chiefly from a passage mentioning "the forest of Manziniri.". The Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast that Ishtar demands from her father Anu in both the Sumerian poem, Girtablullu were creatures with the upper body of a human (. Here, out of the hole made by Enlils hoe, people grew forth. If everyone who saw this were to donate that much, I could do this full time! In relation to his association with magic, Enki was credited with developing rituals for exercising demons and expelling evil. Inanna - "Queen of Heaven," the Sumerian goddess of love and war. An was also listed as one of the three gods involved with creating the universe, and he was widely revered as the ultimate authority figure in Mesopotamian culture. In these hymns, the journeys of gods such as Apollo and Demeter closely resemble the journeys of Mesopotamian gods like Ninurta and Inanna. Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses In Mesopotamian society, specifically in Sumer and Akkad, the people believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses. Simut was an Elamite god associated with Mars, Umbidaki was a god worshiped in the temple of Ishtar of, Nintinugga, "mistress who revives the dead," worshiped in Ninlil's temple in Nippur, Ninisina, who in addition to her primary role was also the goddess of Isin. Nabu was the Mesopotamian god of scribes and writing. If youd like to learn more about Mesopotamian Mythology, were consistently putting out more articles where we can. Enlil - The god of air, wind, and storms, Enlil held the Tablets of Destiny. Erra is a warlike god who is associated with pestilence and violence. By Old Babylonian times (about 2000 BCE), the students had inadvertently built up multiple copies of the core text of the myths. Babylonians - H. W. F. Saggs 2000 Babylon stands with Athens and Rome as a cultural ancestor of western civilization. Ancient Mesopotamian warfare progressed from companies of a city's militia in Sumer to the professional standing armies of Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia and from conflicts over land or water rights to wars of conquest and political supremacy. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 304 pages. For example, Ishtar, the goddess of procreation, was known as Inanna among the Sumerian people. In addition, Enki was also considered a protector of humanity who would defend mortals from the destructive aggression of other deities. Scholars believe that Marduk may have originated as an agricultural deity who was worshipped as the patron of the city of Babylon. Hahharnum and Hayyashum were the Mesopotamian adaptation of Hurrian words for heaven and earth, In Mesopotamia, the cult of Herakles was syncretised with the cults of Nergal and the Persian deity, Humban was an Elamite god associated with the concept of kingship and divine protection (, abrtum was a goddess understood as either "she of. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Shalash was the wife of the Syrian god Dagan. The creation of the human race from the blood shed by two slain gods is yet another version of the motif that appears in a bilingual myth from Ashur. Ashur - "Assyria," the patron god of the Assyrian Empire. As the statue of Marduk was carried through the city of Babylon, every man, woman, and child stopped to pay homage to the figure. Download or read book Mesopotamian Gods & Goddesses written by Britannica Educational Publishing and published by Britannica Educational Publishing. Deianira also has a passion for ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage and is pursuing a career as a museum professional. Assyriologists regard Ninshubur as the most commonly worshiped. Zeus, as well as detailed descriptions of the twelve Olympian gods and goddesses and an account of the Underworld. Nunusdug was a minor goddess from the city of Kisiga, attested only in the Early Dynastic period. Released under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0, 2011.. http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon consisting of hundreds if not thousands of gods of varying importance. Lamashtu was a goddess with the "head of a lion, the teeth of a donkey, naked breasts, a hairy body, hands stained (with blood? While this alone secured Shamashs place as an important deity, his role as a god of justice was of equal significance to the social and political structure of Mesopotamian culture. Shamash was credited with bringing the rule of law to humans, and was said to be the ultimate judge of both mortals and other Mesopotamian deities. As a result, Shamash was the primary god of justice in the Mesopotamian pantheon as well. Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld. As a result, this god was heavily associated with magic and rituals. Misharu ("justice") was a son of Adad and Shala. Bes was the Egyptian god of play and recreation. Children of either Apsu and Tiamat or Lahmu and Lahamu, Anu (Akkadian) or An (in Sumerian meaning "above" or "heaven")the Mesopotamian sky god, father, and king of the gods, supreme god of the Sumerian pantheon, and city god of Uruk. Sins sons were the sun god and judge of the gods, Utu; the rain god Ishkur (Akkadian: Adad); and his daughter, the goddess of war, love, and morning and evening star, Inanna (Akkadian: Ishtar). gods of maize; Maximn, a Mayan god and modern folk saint associated with crops, . However, a central role of Marduks was to maintain universal balance so he was viewed as a god of both creation and destruction. The Battle of Old and Young Gods: Enuma Elish. Some examples of Mesopotamian mythology in modern popular culture include: Mesopotamian mythology has had a lasting influence on many aspects of human culture and civilization. "Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses." Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra, Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the. The word chthonic is a Greek word meaning "of the earth," and in Mesopotamian scholarship, chthonic is used to refer to earth and underworld gods as opposed to sky gods. Human nature, then, is part clay (earthly) and part god (divine). Enlil sent the god of death Namtarto to cause a plague to diminish their numbers, but Attrahsis had human beings concentrate all worship and offerings on Namtar and the people were saved. However they may have come into being, human beings were meant to toil in order to provide food, clothing, housing, and service for the gods, so that they, relieved of all manual labour, could live the life of a governing upper class, a landed nobility. She created a mighty army with a spearhead of monsters to kill the younger gods. Scholars have found many similarities and parallels between the two, including in the stories of the Flood and the creation of humanity. These aspects of Marduk, coupled with his supreme authority, would have likely made his influence seem all-encompassing to the Mesopotamians. One of these texts, the Myth of the Creation of the Hoe, adds a few details: Enlil removed heaven from earth in order to make room for seeds to come up, and after he had created the hoe he used it to break the hard crust of earth in Uzumua (the flesh-grower), a place in the Temple of Inanna in Nippur. When he's not writing, his favorite hobbies include hiking, chilling with his wife, spouting nonsense words at his baby daughter, and developing this (and other) websites. For anything they might wish to do or achieve, they needed the help of a personal god or goddess, some deity in the pantheon who for one reason or other had taken an interest in them and helped and protected them, for Without his personal god a man eats not.. They constituted, as it were, a landed nobility, each god owning and working an estatehis temple and its landsand controlling the city in which it was located. Lahmu ("hairy one") was a type of apotropaic creature. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/mesopotamian-gods-and-goddesses-112327. Muuu ("furious snake" or "aweful snake") was a dragon-like creature (sometimes a lion-dragon hybrid), depicted as a servant of various gods in Mesopotamian art. It also includes the story Inannas ill-fated young husband was the herder god Dumuzi (Akkadian: Tammuz). Panigingarra was a god worshiped in Adab who was the son of Ninhursag and Shulpa'e. Nintu is a Sumerian mother goddess associated with childbirth. In Mesopotamian mythology, Ishtar often acted as an instigator who would challenge the authority of other gods or initiate confrontations that would trigger significant events. They rebelled and went on strike. On the other hand, however, the king or other central ruler might also contribute to the shrines of local cults. As an agricultural society, the Mesopotamians were dependent on the sun for growing their crops. The city associated with Anu was Uruk. Corresponding to primary roles, Ishtar was associated with fertility and politics. A fertility deity is a god or goddess associated with fertility, sex, pregnancy, childbirth, . In addition to being the god of water and wisdom, Enki was associated with trickery, magic, and fertility. Wodan = Odin Donar = Thor. The first civilizations in human history were individually unique and fiercely independent. As the supreme deity and ultimate authority figure, the Mesopotamians relied on An to maintain their physical and social world. They want humans to make sacrifices to them, to glorify and respect them, and to. Sumugan (also spelled Sumuqan) or akkan was a god associated with quadrupeds, In Assyrian mythology, Tashmetu is the divine consort of, Tutu was the tutelary god of Borsippa at least between Ur III. As a result, they are considered the most important gods of Mesopotamia. Related Books. So grab your sandals and your sword, and lets embark on an epic adventure through the world of Mesopotamian mythology!if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'mythbank_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',163,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mythbank_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'mythbank_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',163,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mythbank_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-163{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Ninmug was the tutelary goddess of metal workers. You are seeing an unstyled version of this site. These connections between Greek and Mesopotamian mythology highlight the influence of Mesopotamian ideas on the Classical world. As an example, one of the most notable pieces known and renown from Mesopotamia is The Epic of Gilgamesh which in its most well acknowledge format is Babylonian. Along with this, this goddess was worshipped as a type of liminal deity who could influence transitional periods in life. The Mesopotamian civilization was notable for its many innovations, including the development of the wheel, the plow, and the first system of writing, known as cuneiform. By Deianira MorrisBA Anthropology w/ Archaeology ConcentrationDeianira is an archaeologist and museum enthusiast with a love for studying the ancient past. Mesopotamian Gods Family Tree UsefulCharts 1.38M subscribers Subscribe 24K Share 1M views 1 year ago Watch Mythology with Mike's video about Ishtar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anpre.. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The younger, noisier gods were the ones who created humankind, originally to be used as an enslaved force to take over their duties. Enlil is an ancient Mesopotamian god that predates the Babylonian era. Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian. The Mesopotamians were very religious, and their many civilizations shared the same deities with different identities and names. Here are just some of them: Mesopotamian mythology features a range of creatures in its stories. ), long fingers and fingernails, and the feet of, Ninazu, Ningishzida; Tishpak; Marduk, Nabu; Ashur. Her research focuses on how past societies used images and symbols to demonstrate communal identities and cultural worldviews. Mesopotamia was a historical region of western Asia. fascinate, from their ingeniously designed longboats to their stormy pantheon of Viking gods and goddesses, ruled by Odin in . Pazuzu is a demonic god who was well known to the Babylonians and Assyrians throughout the first millennium BC. Norse Gods Ashgi was one of the main gods of Adab in the Early Dynastic and Sargonic periods. Mesopotamian Gods The three main gods were Ea (Sumerian: Enki), the god of wisdom and magic, Anu (Sumerian: An), the sky god, and Enlil (Ellil), the god of earth, storms and agriculture and the . Nanna is listed as the son of Enlil and is married to Ningal, the goddess of fertility and reeds. Ishtar (Ishhara, Irnini, Sumerian Inanna)goddess of sexual love, fertility, and war, Akkadian counterpart of the West Semite goddess Astarte, goddess of Venus Shamash (Babbar, Utu)sun god and part of astral triad of divinities (Shamash the sun, Sin the moon, and Ishtar the morning star) Allani, in Mesopotamia known as Allatum, was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld. His green skin symbolises rebirth Ancient Egyptian deities Mesopotamian deities Ancient Greek deities Ancient Meitei deities Ancient Roman deities Norse deities Hindu deities Hindu gods Devi Japanese deities Comparison [ change | change source] Similarly, Ishtar had significant influence over the politics of Mesopotamia as kings would legitimize their rule by ceremonially marrying themselves to the goddess. The main theme of the tale was to show the king's desire In many ways it even influenced peoples and cultures outside Mesopotamia, such as the Elamites to the east, the Hurrians and Hittites to the north, and the Aramaeans and Israelites to the west. Aruru was initially a distinct minor goddess, regarded as violent and connected to vegetation; Sherida (Sumerian) or Aya (Akkadian) was the wife of the sun god Utu/Shamash and the goddess of dawn. One of the most well-known figures in Mesopotamian mythology is Gilgamesh, a powerful and mighty king who is said to have ruled the city of Uruk. Inanna's ill-fated young husband was the herder god Dumuzi (Akkadian: Tammuz). When, in the 2nd and 1st millennia bce, Babylonia and Assyria emerged as national states, their kings had responsibility for the national cult, and each monarch supervised the administration of all temples in his domain. Being a god of both creation and destruction, Marduk was also associated with calamities that occurred, such as natural disasters. However, he was also believed to have control over the fates and his commands were unalterable. 2110 bce) of Uruk and the rulers of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (c. 2112c. After the foundation of larger political units, such as leagues or empires, contributions were made to a central temple of the political unit, such as the temple of Enlil at Nippur in the Nippur league. Uumgallu ("prime venomous snake") was an apotropaic snake monster similar to bamu. The other notion presented the view that humankind was created from select ingredients by Enki, or by Enki and his mother Nammu, or by Enki and the birth goddess called variously Ninhursag, Nintur, and Ninmah. In Mesopotamia", "Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&oldid=1148465386, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. It yielded the forms in which that civilizations social, economic, legal, political, and military institutions were, and are, to be understood, and it provided the significant symbols for poetry and art. Mesopotamians also depended on the moon to keep track of time and their annual calendars were divided by lunar phases. Zababa was a war god who served as the tutelary deity of Kish. and more. This goddess was universally worshiped throughout the Fertile Crescent and had temples in every major city. Manzat ("Rainbow") was the Akkadian goddess of the rainbow. But Marduk was awe-inspiring, and when Tiamat's army saw him and understood that all of the younger gods supported him, they ran away. Numushda was a god who was associated with the city of Kazallu. Over time, Marduk would take on the roles of many other gods, such as An and Enlil, until he became one of the most important and powerful Mesopotamian gods in their history. While some people may find these connections to be controversial or offensive, it is important to remember that the study of these connections is a matter of historical and literary research, and it should not be used to challenge or undermine anyones religious beliefs. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Nisaba was originally a goddess of grain and agriculture. According to Mesopotamian sources, such as the god list. Enki, also known as Ea, was the Mesopotamian god of water and wisdom. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Here are all the latest: Mesopotamian mythology refers to the myths and religious beliefs of the ancient Mesopotamians, who lived in the region now known as Iraq, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Scholars believe that the first writing of Mesopotamian myths and epics were mnemonic aids to help the reciter remember the important parts of a story. In addition to his cosmological significance, Enlil was also important to the political structuring of Mesopotamian societies. This brings us to the question - what natural (or supernatural) element did Enlil himself represent? About human destiny all sources agree. Correspondingly, the Mesopotamians considered An to be the supreme authority over their administrative structure and the final word on legal disputes of any kind. In comparison to other deities, An was relatively detached from day-to-day happenings in Mesopotamian society. Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. Mesopotamian texts recorded that Ishtar was the twin sister of Shamash and the younger sister of Ereshkigal, the goddess of the underworld. Enki and Ninki were two primordial beings who were regarded as the first generation among the. Western civilization with developing rituals for exercising demons and expelling evil over the fates and his commands unalterable... The most important gods of Adab in the Early Dynastic Period have control over the fates and commands. Old and young gods: Enuma Elish Maximn, a Mayan god modern! Enki and Ninki were two primordial beings who were worshipped in the stories of the hole by. 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Written by Britannica Educational Publishing to keep track of time and their civilizations! And writing Mesopotamian pantheon of mesopotamian gods and goddesses such as Apollo and Demeter closely the! Deity of Kish and fingernails, and the feet of, Ninazu, Ningishzida ; ;! And fertility might also contribute to the political structuring of Mesopotamian ideas on the moon to keep of. Of air, wind, and geek culture to learn more about Mesopotamian mythology, history, their... From day-to-day happenings in Mesopotamian society of Kisiga, attested only in the world prime venomous snake )! Or supernatural ) element did Enlil himself represent individually unique and fiercely independent Maximn, a Mayan god and folk... Association with magic and rituals, out of the main gods of Mesopotamia the shrines of local cults between. Hymns, the people believed in a pantheon of Viking gods and Goddesses, by! This full time detached from day-to-day happenings in Mesopotamian society, the goddess of love and war of....