Isocyanates reactivity characterization and polyol characterization was done earlier, increasing the accuracy of the reaction temperature results, making polyurethane raw materials optimum selection faster. The health end-points of most concern are occupationally induced asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and inflammatory upper respiratory tract diseases through inhalation of polymeric or monomeric MDI. The finding of placental transfer of MDI and its degradation product from pregnant rats exposed to aerosol to fetuses demands further study on its relevance to human risk assessment. D16. Defect Diffus Forum 398:98105, Al-Moameri H, Ghoreishi R, Suppes G (2017) Impact of inter- and intra-molecular movements on thermoset polymerization reactions. EU (1999) Risk assessment for methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are high production volume chemicals used for the manufacture of polyurethanes. Pham QT, Cavelier C, Mereau P, Cicolella A (1978) Isocyanates and respiratory function: a study of workers producing polyurethane foam moulding. Issue a data call-in for uncured MDI under TSCA section 8(c) to determine if there are allegations of significant adverse effects and initiate a TSCA section 8(d) rulemaking for one-time reporting of relevant unpublished health and safety studies for uncured MDI. Cite this article. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Day BW, Basalyga DM, Kramarik JA, Karol MH (1997) Formation, solvolysis and transcarbamoylation reactions of bis(S-glutathionyl) adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene. Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) are the latest in a family of publications from the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) a cooperative programme of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. The original review in Japanese was translated into English by the National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS) and is available from the Division of Chem-Bio Informatics of NIHS at the following address: The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH, formerly the Japan Association of Industrial Health) is an academic organization consisting of experts in occupational health, including scientists in universities and institutions, industrial physicians, occupational health nurses, industrial hygienists, management staff from health and safety departments, and government officials in occupational health sectors. The neuropsychological functioning of five men suffering alleged physical, cognitive, and behavioural changes following exposure to MDI was investigated (Reidy & Bolter, 1994). All major producers of MDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of MDI and TDI in the workplace, community and environment. Environmental mutagenesis, 9(9):1110. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns were investigated in a cohort of 4154 workers employed in Swedish polyurethane foam manufacturing plants for at least 1 year (Hagmar et al., 1993a). MDI polymerized to inert polyurea and stayed on top of the sediment, forming a hardened layer at the interface of the compound and water. Le PMDI sert la confection de mousses rigides ou souples, de liants pour sable de moulage et disolants thermiques. (1998) evaluated whether MDI-specific IgG or IgE could be sensitive biological markers of disease or of MDI exposure. (1977), Pham et al. Bartsch W, Buschmann J, Hoymann HG, Heinrich U (1996) [Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study on MDI.] Iran J Chem Chem Eng 40(4):12561268, Al-Moameri HH et al (2020) Impact of nanoparticles on polyurethane resins final properties. First draft prepared by Dr J. Sekizawa, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan, in collaboration with Dr M.M. Schuetze D, Sepai O, Lewalter J, Miksche L, Henschler D, Sabbioni G (1995) Biomonitoring of workers exposed to 4,4-methylenediamine and 4,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. pure monomeric 4,4'-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI) (CAS number 101-68-8, EC number 615-005-00-9), at temperatures up to 38 C a whitish-yellow solid which is used in the industrial production of special plastics, varnish and glue components, moulding elastomers and "MDI prepolymers . Reaction mass of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and o-(p-isocyanatobenzyl)phenyl isocyanate / methylene diphenyl diisocyanate in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) The pure material methylene diphenyl-isocyanate is a solid that melts around 37C. `"v7.=:@[pxBD O5 Los datos obtenidos en animales proporcionan indicios claros de sensibilizacin cutnea y respiratoria debida al MDI. Health 18(3): 325-337, 1986. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 33:143153. Aquatic life study, Phase II-2. Ce CICAD sur le diisocyanate de diphnylmthane (MDI) a t prpar par lInstitut national japonais des sciences de la sant en collaboration avec le National Center for Environmental Assessment de lEnvironmental Protection Agency des tats-Unis (EPA). Se observaron trastornos respiratorios graves y una disminucin significativa del aumento del peso corporal en ratas machos y hembras expuestas a un aerosol de PMDI con una concentracin de 13,6 mg/m3 durante seis horas al da, cinco das a la semana, durante un perodo dos semanas, con sntomas mucho menos graves de trastornos respiratorios y slo una ligera reduccin del aumento del peso corporal en ratas machos con 4,9 mg/m3. 101-68-8 and 9016-87-9) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information The method comprises the following steps of: adding the MDI and an organic solvent into a reaction kettle, raising the temperature, dissolving the MDI, stirring uniformly, adding dehydrated polyol, and reacting for 1 to 6 hours at the temperature of between 40 . CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. In water, TDI and MDI react rapidly to El PMDI es un lquido de color oscuro entre rojizo y marrn, con un punto de fusin indefinido alrededor de 0 C y una presin de vapor <1 mPa a 20 C. Under normal circumstances, exposure of the general public to MDI is likely only from releases to the atmosphere. 19561, 27.9.1990). Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. +9 yb 04Z0 FHDAl)o"FAf2Y8e Ke4!B$U*E1F)J)\c'Bd.K!JC_h2M&3 @M0&s)^A: u-TJ1,n`ksn1gLhl.R}za:MtAv4f>Vs9Cq*L Twenty-three per cent of the radioactivity administered was found in the carcass; however, less than 1% of the radioactivity was recovered from the major organs. Analyst, 122:275278. Diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate is a light yellow colored solid. Zeist, CIVO Institute - TNO Toxicology and Nutrition (Report No. The subjects had been exposed to hydrocarbon solvent as well, but none of them was symptomatic until MDI was introduced to the workplace. Please click here to see any active alerts. Solitary pulmonary adenomas, described as rare in this strain, were observed in males (6/60) and females (2/59) exposed to 6.03 mg/m3 compared with controls (0/120). The study provides evidence that MDI accumulation through the aquatic food chain is extremely unlikely, as might be expected considering the very low solubility and high reactivity of MDI in aqueous solution. La informacin sobre el examen colegiado de este CICAD figura en el apndice 2. Postmortem microscopic examination of the lung showed epithelial desquamation, eosinophilic/neutrophilic infiltration of the mucosa, dilatation of bronchial vessels, oedema, hypertrophy, and disarray of smooth muscle. Liss GM, Bernstein DI, Moller DR, Gallagher JS, Stephenson RL, Bernstein IL (1988) Pulmonary and immunologocal evaluation of foundry workers exposed to methylene diisocyanate (MDI). Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection of monomeric and polymeric isocyanates as their dibutylamine derivatives. Geometries obtained with a composite method and refined with CCSD(T)/CBS single point energies determine that substituted RNCO species have a significant influence on these barrier heights, with an extreme case like fluorine lowering both barriers by close to 15 kcal mol1 and most common alkyl substituents lowering both by approximately 3 kcal mol1. A fine aerosol (mass median aerodynamic diameter of 250 nm) of pure methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was produced (5-60 g m-3) using a laboratory generation system (n = 31 generation . Tinnerberg H, Spanne M, Dalene M, Skarping G (1997) Determination of complex mixtures of airborne isocyanates and amines, Part 3. In the event that a reader becomes aware of new information that would change the conclusions drawn in a CICAD, the reader is requested to contact IPCS to inform it of the new information. To generate different urea's, various primary and secondary amines were used as pre-catalysts. Prog Mater Sci 52(6):9151015, Article Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, The pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation, Isocyanate moiety in isocyanate monomer in the ortho position, Isocyanate moiety in isocyanate monomer in the para position, Alcohol moiety in isocyanate monomer in the primary position, Alcohol moiety in isocyanate monomer in the secondary position, Caraculacu AA, Coseri S (2001) Isocyanates in polyaddition processes Structure and reaction mechanisms. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology, 2:18. Martin FD, Fichet D, Arsanian G, Leloup MC (1982) [Epidemiological study on the toxicity of isocyanates in working environment.] Weisburger EK, Murthy ASK, Lilja HS, Lamb JC (1984) Neoplastic response of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice to the polymer and dyestuff intermediates, 4,4-methylenebis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine, 4,4-oxydianiline, and 4,4-methylenedianiline. Aquatic invertebrates showed no immobilization after a 24-h exposure to nominal concentrations of up to 1000 mg MDI/litre (Rhone-Poulanc Chimie, 1977; Caspers et al., 1986). Several publications indicate that complex immunological reactions are involved in the process of sensitization to MDI (Pezzini et al., 1984; Tse et al., 1985; Liss et al., 1988; Cartier et al., 1989). International archives of occupational and environmental health, 62:521. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 11:11661171. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, provided financial support for the printing of this publication. Paris (unpublished report; Report No. An official website of the United States government. * [8], The positions of the isocyanate groups influences their reactivity. The BMC10 is first converted to a human equivalent concentration (HEC) by application of the Regional Dose Deposited Ratio (RDDR) calculated using a computer program provided in US EPA (1994). JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The resulting value, 0.06 mg/m3, is the BMC10 (HEC). The ponds contained natural lake sediment and groundwater, to which caged fish were added. 39). As the cohort was young with relatively short exposure to the isocyanates, future studies would allow a more conclusive evaluation. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 4. Following equilibration, PMDI was added to part of the sediment of two ponds at dosages of 1 and 10 g/litre. 2,2'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. US EPA (1994) Methods for derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and applications of inhalation dosimetry. If opinions contrary to the provisional OEL are filed with the Committee and deemed valid, the Committee then proceeds to reexamine the provisional OEL and the documentation (Sakurai, 1997). Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) is the generic name of a product used in industrial settings. Skarping G, Dalene M, Lottorin M (1995) 4,4-methylenedianiline in hydrolysed serum and urine from a worker exposed to thermal degradation products of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate elastomers. 9341, 1.8.1980) (in German). En estas condiciones tambin se forma MDA a partir del MDI conjugado. Sea Transport IMDG Not regulated as dangerous good. Bulletin europen de physiopathologie respiratoire, 23:561564. Tsukuba, International Isocyanate Institute (Project FE-E-19-II-2). Macromolecules 29(9):31983202, Nagy L et al (2017) Kinetics of Uncatalyzed Reactions of 2,4- and 4,4-Diphenylmethane-Diisocyanate with Primary and Secondary Alcohols. Caspers N, Hamburger B, Kanne R, Klebert W (1986) Ecotoxicity of toluenediisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI), toluenediamine (TDA), diphenylmethanediamine (MDA). En un estudio de un estanque se comprob que es muy poco probable que se produzca acumulacin de MDI a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria acutica, como cabra esperar considerando que tiene una solubilidad muy baja y una elevada reactividad en solucin acuosa. Symptoms compatible with occupational asthma were elicited from seven workers of group I, whereas none was found in group III. The composition of PMDI varies with the manufacturer and use. Although there are no human or animal studies that have examined the oral route of exposure, it is unlikely that humans would be exposed by the oral route. No international guideline for 4,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate in drinking-water has been established (WHO, 1993). CICADs join the Environmental Health Criteria documents (EHCs) as authoritative documents on the risk assessment of chemicals. Chemical Name: Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI) CAS-No. In Japan, 0.200.27 million tonnes were produced in 19921996 (Chemical Daily, 1997). En circunstancias normales, la exposicin del pblico general al MDI probablemente se limitar a los casos de liberacin en la atmsfera. Spirometric measurements (e.g., FEV1) were made on 94 workers at the fifth year over the work shift, on Monday morning after a weekend of no exposure, and after 2-week vacations. NIOSH (1994a) Letter from NIOSH to Jim Walter Resources, Inc. with a study report. Partial substitution of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate resin with soy flour increases the cold tack of the resin to the level achieved by urea formaldehyde resin. Authors are required to take reviewers comments into account and revise their draft, if necessary. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water . Three workers had radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis, and 12 had asthma, defined as the presence of bronchial hyperreactivity, cough, and additional respiratory symptoms, such as wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness. MDI is usually present in workplace air as vapour, but some aerosol may also co-exist, depending on the type of operation (DFG, 1997). Compared with the controls, the foundry workers had more respiratory symptoms and a significantly lower mean FEV1 and forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of the FVC (FEF2575, or mid-expiratory flow rate of the FVC). A hypersensitivity pneumonitis type of reaction has also been reported. A total of 24 substituted RNCO + H2O reactions were studied. They underwent inhalation challenges using the MDI resin for progressively increasing periods of time on separate days. Since accidental exposure to MDI in occupational settings may result from incidents such as spillages, split hoses, and leaking drums, the introduction of European Isocyanate Production Association (ISOPA) guidelines for transport, storage, handling, and use of diisocyanate has reduced the potential of accidental exposures over the past 20 years. Unlike the first study, transient growth retardation and an increased number of pulmonary macrophages were the only effects noted at the highest concentration. Corresponding authors, a Signs of less severe respiratory distress were also observed in animals exposed to 8.4 mg/m3. Methylene diphenyl 101-68-8 >1 diisocyanate O-(p-isocyanatobenzyl)phenyl 5873-54-1 >1 Isocyanate Composition comments All concentrations are in percent by weight unless ingredient is a gas. The increase in macrophage accumulation at the level of the alveolar septa was related to exposure, and the difference between treatment groups and controls was statistically significant in males exposed to 4.1 mg/m3 and in females at 8.4 mg/m3. The detection limit of MDI with UV detection was 0.50.8 g/m3 for a 15-litre air sample, and that with mass spectrometry (instrumental detection limit) was 4 fmol of the MDI derivative (Spanne et al., 1996; Tinnerberg et al., 1997). The preparation and peer review of the source documents are described in Appendix 1. The available human evidence from cancer incidence and mortality studies of workers exposed to isocyanates is inadequate to describe the carcinogenic potential of polymeric or monomeric MDI. Price excludes VAT (USA) MDA may be formed only as a minor reaction product and will thus be present at low concentrations. Correspondence to Le PMDI est un liquide brun-rouge fonc dont le point de fusion, mal dfini, se situe autour de 0 C. Littorin M, Truedsson L, Welinder H, Skarping G, Martensson U, Sjoeholm AG (1994) Acute respiratory disorder, rhinoconjunctivitis and fever associated with the pyrolysis of polyurethane derived from diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The information on occupational exposure is limited; in different industries, 8-h time-weighted average exposures in excess of 50 g/m3 have been reported to occur infrequently. MDI is used for polyurethane elastomers (rollers, packing, rubber vibration insulators, synthetic leather, etc. Herbold B (1980b) [MDI Salmonella/microsome test for investigation of point mutation activity.] Sakurai H (1997) Brief introduction to occupational exposure limits in Japan. Lors dune tude de 2 ans visant valuer la toxicit respiratoire chronique et la cancrognicit du PMDI, des rats exposs des arosols de PMDI des concentrations de 0, 0,19, 0,98 et 6,03 mg/m3, ont prsent des anomalies au niveau des voies respiratoires. More recently, comprehensive studies on the behaviour of MDI in the aquatic environment have been carried out by Yakabe et al. Sensitive biological markers of disease or of MDI exposure used for polyurethane elastomers ( rollers, packing, vibration... To take reviewers comments into account and revise their draft, if necessary revise draft. Whereas none was found in group III monomeric and polymeric isocyanates as their dibutylamine derivatives los de... Hg, Heinrich U ( 1996 ) [ MDI Salmonella/microsome test for investigation of mutation... Also observed in animals exposed to hydrocarbon solvent as well, but none of them was until. Mutation activity. este CICAD figura en el apndice 2 1996 ) Chronic... Draft, if necessary exposed to 8.4 mg/m3 concise documents that provide summaries of the isocyanate groups their. ) and toluene diisocyanate ( MDI ) is the generic name of product... 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( 3 ): 325-337, 1986 of them was symptomatic until MDI was introduced the... Potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear,..., synthetic leather, etc ( 3 ): 325-337, 1986 Inc. a!, Heinrich U ( 1996 ) [ Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study on MDI., with... Also been reported ) is the BMC10 ( HEC ) recently, comprehensive studies on behaviour.