The crater lake waters have found an outlet through the flank of the cone and are seeping out. Seismicity dropped to low levels after the explosion on 22 April and remained low through 27 April; only a few VT, LP, and hybrid earthquakes were recorded. Watch volcanoes live and catch an eruption in action! There has been no significant change in seismicity since a several-day increase in the number of events in late June and early July. Table 5 is a list of observations made at the crater. A persistent thermal anomaly had been identified in satellite data over the previous couple of days, which is what prompted the NEMO field visit. In addition, 40-60 minor seismic events are being reported every 24 hours by high-gain seismographs close to the crater rim. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports. 15 (Tomblin, 1968). This may account for some of the drop in water level. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. Sentinel-2 thermal satellite imagery detected a thermal anomaly on the SW side of the main crater during clear weather days in January 2021, which represents the active 2020/21 lava dome (figure 16). Chris Brandis/AP. This island consists of angular blocks 1-10 m across and appears to be the top of a lava dome standing 200 m above the former lake floor. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Surface water temperature near the southern shore of the island is 62C. Fresh, hot material is also visible surrounding the thermal anomaly, which demonstrates the growth of the lava dome over time. Two thermal hotspots were detected using the MODVOLC thermal algorithm on 24 April. Information Contacts: W. Aspinall, K. Rowley, J. Shepherd, and J. Tomblin, UWI; K. Krafft, Cernay, France; H. Lamb, Univ. Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the, EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. Frequent explosive eruptions after about 4,300 years ago produced pyroclastic deposits of the Yellow Tephra Formation, which cover much of the island. The dome continued to expand laterally to the N and S, according to reports issued on 6 and 8 February. A spike in seismicity was recorded during June-July 2019 (figure 5), though no cause was reported. Volcanologists monitoring the volcano will need to see if the new magma erupting is more gas rich, and thus more explosive, to try to understand how this eruption might progress. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC), National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, Eruptions, Earthquakes & Emissions Application, National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Advanced geospatial Data Management Platform (ADAM), Caribbean Handbook on Risk Information Management, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.10.1721, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4550.1125, Department of Mineral Sciences collections, World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE), Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA), Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA), Ashfall in Barbados (100 miles E) 7-8 May 1902, Ashfall on SS Coya (275 miles SE) 8 May 1902, All Pleistocene-Recent pyroclasts deposited in St. Vincent, Garu, Morne | Garou, Morne | Soufrire Saint Vincent, Ash plume rose 16 km altitude on 9, 10, and 11 March 2021, WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. Some of these explosions breach the surface of the lake near the island as areas of boiling water, and are followed by the spread of a red-brown stain which probably consists of stirred-up sediments from the lake bottom. La Soufriere, located near the northern tip of the main island of St Vincent, last erupted in 1979, and a previous eruption in 1902 killed some 1,600 people. The NE rim of the 1.6-km wide summit crater is cut by a crater formed in 1812. On 9 April at 0840 scientists at the Belmont Observatory reported an explosion that generated an ash plume up to 8 km altitude that drifted mainly ENE (figure 20). The island height is unchanging; loose material on the island is being washed into the lake by the rains, revealing the structure of the lave mass. This indicates that the activity has now shifted almost entirely to the N end of the lava island. In each of these eruptions there was an initial, highly explosive phase which lasted several months, and this was followed by a second phase in which fresh lava welled up quietly into the crater to build a dome. This stream is at a temperature of 25C and the Falls of Baleine at 23C. Water in contact with the island was boiling vigorously. Periods of tremor and near-constant swarms of LP and hybrid events were recorded on 16 April. Max VEI: 4, 1814 Jan 9 - 1814 Jan 9 Lightning was visible in the rising plume. Much of the crater floor is presently mantled with rubble. H.H. During a monitoring visit on 24 January scientists took video and still photos of the dome and installed both a camera and an EDM reflector on the S crater wall. Remarks: Tilt measurements suggest that the volcano began to reinflate in 1981 after the eruption. During that time the dome grew and expanded to the W, produced small, hot rockfalls, had a blocky appearance, and continued to emit gasses and steam. The. Scientists visited on 16 January and recorded temperatures of 590C at the dome surface (figure 12). The VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to 12.2-16 km altitude throughout the day and continued to drift long distances to the ENE, E, and SE. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database. The island is now 145 feet in height above water level, but its growth has decelerated in the last few days. Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Advanced geospatial Data Management Platform (ADAM). The period of tremor lasted until about 2100 and was followed by ongoing small LP and hybrid events. Scientists at NCAR, Kyushu University, and other institutions, will search at higher latitudes for stratospheric aerosols from this event. While the N of the island continues to rise, the S end shows little or no increase in height. Gas emissions were most notable from a small circular depression at the top of the dome. A series of Vulcanian explosions that began at 0630 on 13 April, and lasted about 30 minutes, was accompanied by large seismic tremors followed by more than three hours of smaller continuous tremors (figure 26). St. Vincent. UNTV News and Rescue The temperature of the water at the crater edge has been decreasing by 0.5C/day on the average since 22-31 March and an increased drop of 3 was detected three days after. Seismic activity is low, and limited to one crater tremor per day on the average. Information Contacts: Card 1388 (02 May 1972) J.B. Shepherd and W.P. Robertson stated, if the La Soufriere were to have an explosive eruption ash can reach east to Barbados and even further. Max VEI: 4, List of 12 Events for Episode 1 at Old summit crater & new NE rim crater, 1784 Mar (in or before) The La Soufrire volcano first erupted on Friday, blanketing the island in a layer of ash and forcing more than 16,000 people to evacuate their homes. A third explosive series began at 1835 (figure 23). Courtesy of the Seismic Research Unit. Card 1336 (29 December 1971) Lava compositions; report of activity during 16-21 December. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater that first formed on 27 December continued to grow during 6-12 January. The number and frequency of the VTs increased until about 0830 and then stabilized. "The islands which appeared on 20 November have grown in height and in numbers and they have coalesced to form a continuous land mass in the southeastern part of the lake. These tremors are of shallow depths, very low magnitude and can only be detected by the summit station. The water level is decreasing at an average rate of 1.5 inches/day, as evaporation over the crater lake continues. No further eruptive activity took place until December 2020, when a new lava dome began to grow SW of the pre-existing 1979 lava dome, accompanied by increased seismicity, crater incandescence, and gas-and-steam emissions. During 17 and 18 April the average SO2 flux was 232 and 391 tons/day, respectively. The crater itself lies on the SW margin of a larger 2.2-km-wide caldera, which is breached widely to the SW as a result of slope failure. Table 3. Seismicity increased at 1130, including an earthquake swarm lasting until 1440, though tremor continued to be reported. MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity) analysis of MODIS satellite data shows the beginning of thermal activity in late December 2020 and continuing at a lower power into early February (figure 15). The lava dome continued to grow to the N and S during April, accompanied by small earthquakes and gas-and-steam emissions rising both from the top of the dome and along the contact with the pre-existing 1979 dome. The likelihood of dangerously explosive activity during the present eruption is now remote. Pyroclastic flows overnight were channeled to the E into the Rabacca River drainage. Steam-and-gas plumes rose from a few areas inside the crater and thermal anomalies persisted. Between 21 August and 23 September, the mean diameter of the lava body grew from 832 m to 840 m, covering about 60% of the crater floor, and its maximum height increased 1 m to 131 m. Its volume was calculated at 37.6 x 106 m3. West Indies. In volcanic eruptions in general the most silica-rich products appear first, when the risk of violent eruptions and explosive activity is greatest. Webcam view of the lava dome at La Soufriere on St. Vincent on April 8, 2021. Credit: University of the West Indies. Live Webcam Feed. The summit seismic station recorded 50-200 small earthquakes per day during July, but none of these were detected by instruments on the flanks. Many of the evacuees were moved onto cruise ships to be taken to nearby islands for the time being. The increased scent of sulfur in towns was attributed to a southward shift in wind direction towards the towns, rather than the usual E direction. Res., 179:1-10. The following 270 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Water temperature at the observation point on the S edge of the lake has dropped from 74C to a nearly constant value of 69C. "From the above it is clear that there is no significant difference in silica content between lava flow and pyroclastic material erupted from the Soufrire Volcano. Almorales and H. Sigurdsson, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. The most noticeable feature of this period has been the very small number of crater tremors, and no tremors have been recorded since 7 March. Lahar signals were recorded later that day at about 2100. The fact that many of these populated islands are dominated by volcanoes means they can be especially perilous when these volcanoes rumble back to life. This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Soufrire St. Vincent (also referred to as La Soufrire) is the northernmost stratovolcano on St. Vincent Island in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles. Seismic stations recorded 573 events through 0730 on 30 January; this number continued to grow into February (up to 703 events by 0830 on 4 February) (figure 5). The sticky basaltic andesite lava like the dome that had been forming at La Soufrire (above) can trap gases as new magma rises underneath, creating pressure that can lead to a more explosive style of eruption. During the August survey, some pulsing steam emission took place, mostly at the S edge of the lava, but no explosions were observed. Ash is falling on many communities on northern half of the island. Seismic signals indicating lahars were again recorded. The zone of destruction from the 1902 eruption (N of the Wallibou and Rabacca Rivers) remains partially evacuated. Geotherm. . The true amount of horizontal expansion of the dome is therefore 44 m. The W half of the dome is now 10-20 feet higher than the E half, and the two halves are still separated by a N-S valley. Chemical analysis of Soufriere St. Vincent samples from the island in the crater lake collected on 13 December 1971. Sigurdsson and Almorales carried out a bottom survey of the crater lake on 2 March (table 6) along a profile from the south point of the island to the near shore (282 feet). Satellite radar imagery acquired on 24 April indicated possible growth at the lava dome following the explosions on 18 and 22 April. Table 6. These two heights which are now considered reliable are not in agreement with the heights quoted in the previous report when the measuring poles were interfered with by other parties. The water level is rising faster again with a 38-cm increase in the last 48 hours, but the temperature at the lake edge remains steady at 82C. Fiske R S, Shepherd J B, 1982. Thus the present eruption in St. Vincent is likely to continue for one year and could possibly continue for two. Small earthquakes associated with dome growth were recorded on 7 April. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 461 tons per day on 20 May. Max VEI: 1, 1812 Apr 27 - 1812 Jun 9 (?) The recent bout of explosive activity began on April 9, 2021. | May There was a temporary failure of all three seismograph stations in the vicinity of the Soufrire, between 14-15 February. There are four seismometers on St. Vincent now; one on the rim of the crater, two on the crater flank, one in Kingstown. Aseismic lava extrusion persists; heavy rains generate large secondary mudflows. Successive explosions and ash pulses fed the plume for hours, rising to 16 km altitude. Almorales, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. According to National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) the total number of displaced people was 13,154 by 21 April, with 6,208 people in 85 public shelters and 6,790 people (1,618 families) in private shelters. - Part I.. Sulfur dioxide emissions were also identified in satellite data. Confirmed Eruption, 1600 BCE 75 years The amount of tephra produced by the current eruption is about two orders of magnitude less than in 1902. . ", Card 1358 (23 February 1972) Crater observations 12-16 February; island growth continues. J. Volcanol. Satellite images showed a series of changes to the newly formed crater in the SW part of the crater (figure 28). SYNOP codes from weather stations and buoys. We determined very early on that nothing serious was happening, since we have seismic stations both on the volcano and throughout the island [figure 3], none of which had recorded any increased seismicity. Virtually all of the recent expansion of the relatively fluid dome has been lateral rather than vertical. Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Searchlight. An excursion by rowboat was made on 27 February by R. Arculus and K. Willis, geology research students from the University of Durham, England. During 14 April seismicity continued to be characterized by episodes of tremor about 13-15 hours apart, separated by swarms of small LP earthquakes. Scientists determined that typical winds diminish the sulfurous odors over much of the island, and the onset of the odors resulted from changes in wind patterns rather than increased gas output or other demonstrable changes. Another episode of tremor began at 0230 on 15 April, as well as increased ash venting. Nat Hazards, 11: 163-191. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Observations made at the crater [are included in Table 5]. The greatest heights on the eastern and northern summits are 196 and 211 feet, respectively. The volcano, known as La Soufrire, on the northern tip of the main island of St. Vincent, in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, had started showing signs of renewed activity in late December. The dome's growth rate was difficult to estimate, but was probably <0.5 x 106 m3/day in late May. Daily satellite-based measurements of SO2 were notable beginning on 9 April. The new lava is significantly more basaltic, i.e., lower in silica (55.3%) than the products of the most violent phases of the 1902 eruption, which were more andesitic in composition, with silica content of 56-58%. Card 1366 (20 March 1972) J.B. Shepherd, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. The NE rim of the 1.6-km-wide summit crater is cut by a crater (500 m wide and 60 m depth) that formed in 1812. This report reviews information through February 2021 using bulletins from the University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC), the National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), and various satellite data. During the night of 10-11 April tremor lasting up to 20 minutes continued at intervals of 1.5-3 hours, associated with periods of explosions and ash emissions. The rate of LP and hybrid events dropped significantly at 2000. An explosion at 0615 on 16 April generated an ash plume that rose about 8 km (26,200 ft) a.s.l. Max VEI: 3, 1971 Oct 4 6 days - 1972 Mar 20 The mean diameter of the lava extrusion increased from 820 m on 4 August to 832 m on 21 August, but the highest point has remained at 130 m above the crater floor since 11 August, after 13 m of vertical growth from 10 July to 11 August. This depth is 48.5 ft less than the maximum obtained during the previous sounding survey on 27 January, and confirms that the lava dome is still expanding horizontally across the former lake floor. NEMO reminded the public to avoid the volcano and that descending into the crater remained extremely dangerous. One rockfall was detected by the seismic network at 0139, and two were noted the next day. The Seismic Research Unit (SRU) collaborates with a small local unit called the Soufrire Monitoring Unit (which operates from the Ministry of Agriculture in Kingstown). UWI Seismic Research Centre and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) lowered the Alert Level for Soufrire St. Vincent to Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale) on 16 March, noting that seismic and fumarolic activity were at or below background levels recorded prior to the 2020-2021 eruption. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Advanced geospatial Data Management Platform (ADAM); Argyle International Airport Inc. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the explosive eruption at Soufrire St. Vincent (often simply referred to as La Soufriere) continued during 14-20 April, though at a decreasing frequency. 1178, p. 425-533. The lack of significant seismic activity supports our interpretation of the present events as a relatively quiet eruption of a gas-poor lava. Confirmed Eruption There were no casualties caused by the eruption. Gas emissions continued to damage vegetation in the summit area as well as on the SW flank. In: Latter J H (ed), Volcanic Hazards - Assessment and Monitoring, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p 292-311. (eds)., 1982, Soufrire Volcano, St. Vincent: Observations of its 1979 eruption from the ground, aircraft, and satellites: Science, v. 216, no. National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that activity at Soufrire St. Vincent had been low over the previous few months. Rising steam and a strong sulfurous smell have been reported coming from the water in the crater lake . . The dome also grew taller and spread laterally to the NW and SE. Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news, GEOS-16 false color loop showing the eruption of La Soufriere on St. Vincent. Sorrento - Mount Ves. These earthquakes were more intense and averaged 50/hour; the 23-25 March swarm averaged 1.5/hour. Five long-period earthquakes and two brief swarms of VT events occurred in between the tremor episodes; ash venting occurred with the last episode. Though the initial explosion at 0840 showed relatively minor SO2 emissions, stronger, continuous ash and SO2 emissions began later on 9 April (at 1445) and continued into the next day, transitioning into discrete explosive events that continued a least through 14 April. As of 2004, the monitoring network had consisted of five seismic stations, eight GPS stations, and several dry tilt sites. Sparks, R.S.J., and Wilson, L., 1982, Explosive volcanic eruptions - V. Observations of plume dynamics during the Soufrire eruption, St. Vincent: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 69, p. 551-570. Sulfur dioxide emissions were first detected on 1 February using a Multi-Gas Instrument and a filter pack; the dome had reached an estimated volume of 5.93 million cubic meters. Seismicity remained low through 11 May with only a few long-period earthquakes recorded by the seismic network. Card 1359 (29 February 1972) Comparison of current eruption with historical activity. Sentinel-2 infrared satellite imagery detected some of this thermal activity during late March and April in the summit crater, though visibility was not entirely clear due to clouds (figure 35). On the other hand, the shallow tremors have decreased to about one-quarter of their rate of occurrence in early December, without any decline having taken place in the rate of injection of new lava into the dome. Around midday, the time between episodes of high-amplitude tremor lengthened from 1.5-4 hours to 5-8 hours, which continued to coincide with explosions and ash emissions. Field work during mid-January 2021. Calderas of gravity-slide structures in the Lesser Antilles Island Arc?. and drifted W. A three-minute period of high-level tremor started at the same time and was flowed by over two hours of lower-level tremor. A report on 6 February stated that the dome continued to spread laterally N and S, with N as the dominant growth direction. As a result, the Volcanic Alert Level (VAL) was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) on 29 December (figure 8). Soufriere Hills vulcano webcams and live data Stratovolcano, lava dome 915 m / 3002 ft (changing!) Smaller lahars were recorded during the mornings of 30 April and 1 May. Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves declared an emergency and called for the evacuation of much of the northern part of the island on April 8 after increasing earthquakes and gas emissions pointed towards something larger brewing. These statements are incorrect. That visit found nothing out of the ordinary. The viscosity of the new lava is high so that even if the dome grows to the point at which its flanks overlap the present crater rim, it is unlikely that molten lava will escape down the mountainside. In a 22 April press release the Argyle International Airport announced that the ash cleanup was ongoing and that the Cargo Terminal was scheduled to open the next day. A series of powerful explosions from Soufrire produced large ash clouds and several pyroclastic avalanches, forcing the evacuation of more than 17,000 persons from the N end of St. Vincent. Powered by www.VolcanoDiscovery.com Hot pyroclastic avalanches have accompanied at least three of the explosions. The water temperature shows a downward trend and reached a new low of 51C on 8 March, but this was followed by rise to 57C by 10 March. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater continued to slowly grow during 23-27 March, expanding to the N and S. Gas-and-steam continued to rise from the top of the dome, as well as along the contact with the pre-existing 1979 dome. Water was sometimes present in the crater, especially after heavy rains, but the volume of water remained small and water depths did not exceed ~1 m. Extrusion of lava into Soufrire's summit crater continued through September. The La Soufriere trail remained closed due to the uneven and dangerous terrain. Consequently, it was impossible to carry out a complete sounding survey. Those eruptions lasted months, so if this cycle is similar, people may need to stay away from the volcano (and their homes) for quite a long time. NEMO stated that evacuations in the Orange and Red Zones were affected by significant ashfall and poor visibility, but by the evening most residents had been evacuated. Onto cruise ships to be characterized by episodes of tremor began at 1835 ( figure 12 ) strong smell... And limited to one crater tremor per day on 20 May from this event hours of lower-level.. An average rate of 1.5 inches/day, as evaporation over the previous few months now almost... Volcano and that descending into the Rabacca River drainage issued on 6 February stated that the volcano and descending. Can reach east to Barbados and even la soufriere webcam the Rabacca River drainage data being processed May be unique... 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