All rights reserved. WebHe imagines that Homer's original work must be the best, that no translation could ever usurp the bard from his throne. This is also, in its length and the way in which it diverges from the literal subject of the poem, a Homeric metaphor. This poem is a sonnet- a Petrarchan sonnet. So those rhymes become less important. But as the poem continues the writing is toned down to convey the most important and meaningful experience. The sonnet genre is often, although not always, about ideals or hypothetical situations. Registered No. In poetry he has found the gold that Cortez, and the other conquistadors he had read about in William Robertson's History of America, had searched for so feverishly. Throw in the new planet in line 10 and the Pacific ocean in line 12 and we have a setting broader in scope than anything Homer ever wrote. WebAnalysis. the eighth line is the volta, from where the tone changes and the rhyme scheme also changes to cdcdcd. WebThe first four lines of "Chapman's Homer" are a statement of the experience he has already had as a reader of poetry: "Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold . In his school days he had read about Cortez' conquest of Mexico and Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean on an expedition in Darien, an old name for part of Central America, in William Robertson's History of America. Check out this sample Study Guide: On First Looking into Chapmans Homer is a popular. Removing #book# Petrarchan sonnets have very heavy rhyme patterns; the first eight lines only rhyme with two sounds. Poems were circulated within groups of educated intellectuals and they did not necessarily reflect the poets true emotions, but were a form of intellectual showing-off! The metrical rhythm is iambic pentameter, that is five iambs or metrical feet per line, where a iamb is one unstressed followed by one stressed syllable. This contrast mirrors Keats's own focus on both the discovery of new worlds and the brave, noble explorers (or poets) who relate their discoveries to the rest of the world. How to achieve great deeds in womans guise. Homer uses stock epithets, stock phrases used repeatedly to describe things or characters. And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies, Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes, He stared at the Pacificand all his men, Looked at each other with a wild surmise, YOASOBI - (Idol) (Romanized), (Tell me who are you), The Romantic Poets John Keats was born in London on 31 October 1795, the eldest of Thomas and Frances Jennings Keatss four children. Quiz, John Keats: Poems, Biography and Quotes Much have I traveled in the realms of gold And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western Copyright 2023 All rights reserved. To indicate the pattern, letter starting from a are put next to the end of the line: On first looking into Chapman's Homer Much have I travel'd in the realms of gold, - a And many goodly states and kingdoms seen - b However, as soon as he hears of Chapman's translations, his perspective changes. The first line gives us nice, smooth consonance with L sounds: "travell'd," "realms," "gold." "Skies," "eyes," and "surmise" are all linked to give the reader an impression of wonder and discovery. To indicate the pattern, letter starting from a are put next to the Cortez was a Spanish explorer who first saw the Pacific Ocean upon a peak in Darien (14) (The first Spaniard to spot the Pacific was Balboa). After reading the poem Keats feels he has transcended the role of a passive viewer of literature and believes that he can create his own great works. Quiz, William Blake: Poems, Quotes and Biography Earlier, he had enjoyed the beauties of other poets, but had no opportunity to visit Homers kingdom. Also, this happened through the aid of a powerful writer like George Chapman, whose legendary translation and literary inputs from English to Greek and vice versa remains unrivalled even today. In the first two lines, the speaker reflects upon his travels through "realms of gold" and "goodly states and kingdoms." Who cares if he didn't? "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer", "La Belle Dame sans Merci" (original version). For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Quiz & Worksheet - On First Looking into Chapman's Homer, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer: Poem by John Keats, English 101: English Literature Course Practice, Introduction to Romantic Poetry: Overview of Authors and Works ." His joy knows no bounds because he has seen anew star. Learn about the charties we donate to. As Keats is still young, there are innumerable discoveries of "realms of gold" awaiting him. The top 4 are: poet laureate, latin, verse and desiderius erasmus.You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Though he lived a short life, his contribution to the poetry world and his achievement in this field has been all the more remarkable. what form is it written in. Its rhymes are arranged according to one of the following schemes: Italian, where eight lines consisting of two quatrains make up the first section of the sonnet, called an octave. Generally, we mark each line that rhymes with ascending letters of the alphabet, and unrhymed lines with an x; so couplets would have a rhyme scheme of aabbccdd. The Sonnet in which these his first impressions are concentrated was left the following day on Mr. Clarkes table, realizing the idea of that form of verse expressed by Keats himself in his third Epistle as: Swelling loudly, Up to its climax, and then dying proudly.. He knew the taste of Homer, but through Chapman, the great Greek poet became more delicious. Cortez (Herman Cortez) was a famous Spanish soldier and conqueror of the early 16th century. Quiz, Byron's Don Juan: Summary, Quotes and Analysis In his excitement, Keats substituted the name of Cortez for Balboa in his sonnet. In "Chapman's Homer," he excitedly reports one such discovery. Copyright 2022 Bright Hub Education. WebOn First Looking into Chapman's Homer. WebOn first looking into Chapman's Homer - A poem by John Keats About the poet - John Keats (1795 - 1821) was an English Romantic poet. On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer John Keats. In the octave of the sonnet, Keats intends to express the contrast between his reading of other romance and this first reading of Chapmans translation of Homers epic poems. Although he died at the age of twenty-five, Keats had perhaps the most remarkable career of any English poet. Poetic Form: On First Looking into Chapmans Homer is an Italian Sonnet. Keats, in spite of his limited experience in sonnet writing before "Chapman's Homer," composed what is probably one of the finest Petrarchan sonnets in English poetry. The metre usually chosen for sonnets is iambic pentameter, that is five iambs or metrical feet per line, where a iamb is one unstressed followed by one stressed syllable. Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. WebThe poet says that he experienced new sensations on reading Homer in Chapmans translation. Topics you'll need to know to pass the quiz include the translation of Homer that Keats found unsatisfactory as well as the rhyme scheme for a Petrarchan sonnet. ." In this poem, that's "-old" and "-een." Quiz & English isn't a very rhyme-y language compared to those poetic romance languages like French, Spanish, and Italian, so getting that many rhymes is tough and often calls too much attention to the sound. In these lines of On First Looking Into Chapmans Homer, Keats compares his excitement to that of an astronomer when a new star falls within the range of his telescope. Quiz, Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Summary and Analysis WebOn first looking into Chapman's Homer - A poem by John Keats About the poet - John Keats (1795 - 1821) was an English Romantic poet. Web"Ode to Psyche" is the first of a group of odes which Keats composed in April and May 1819. After Keats left Clarke, around daybreak, he walked to his lodgings, sat down at his desk, wrote his tribute to Chapman, and had a copy of it on his friend's breakfast table by ten o'clock in the morning. WebNo doubt that On First Looking into Chapmans Homer is a reflective analysis of one poet regarding the works of another poet. For more on this see below. Language The rhyme scheme is a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a-c-d-c-d-c-d. After Keats and Clarke stayed up feasting on Chapman's Homer, Keats immediately went to work on a poem. When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes. There's a pretty strong contrast between the low, almost shouting sound of "-old" and the high-pitched "-een." Keats says that he has read a number of books of adventurous and romantic tales. It's hard to say where exactly the speaker is, but his language suggests that his view is wide and deep, as if he is speaking through his mind's eye in memory, or from some imaginary place. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Sonnets are made up of fourteen lines, each being ten syllables long. Darien, mentioned after the volta, is in Central America.The contrast between the old world and the new show that Keats feels he is now making his own new, fresh, unseen literature, not exploring the work of others. He writes a poem, of course. English, or Shakespearean sonnets, fundamentally follow a John Keats was an English poet and one of the most important of the Romantics. A huge part of poetry is its ability to create effects with Nothing less would give the reader an adequate idea of what happened to Keats when he "heard Chapman speak out loud and bold." An Italian Sonnet, in addition to incorporating a specific meter and a specific rhyme scheme, possesses a specific poem development. Generally, we mark each line that rhymes with ascending letters of the alphabet, and unrhymed lines with an x; so couplets would have a rhyme scheme ofaabbccdd. He also traversed the "western islands" of Homer's world, which other poets also found to be a source of inspiration and pleasure. WebOn First Looking into Chapman's Homer John Keats - 1795-1821 Much have I traveled in the realms of gold And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. On first looking into Chapmans Homer. We respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need. Choose an answer and hit 'next'. So what does he do with all that excitement? WebOn First Looking into Chapman's Homer By John Keats Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Epic poetry involves Greek deities, such as Apollo in line 4. Quiz, Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems and Biography The two similes that swam "into his ken" as the poem formed itself in his mind are in keeping with the language of travel and discovery that he uses in the octave of his sonnet. The title refers to George Chapman, a contemporary of Shakespeare, who wrote a translation of Homers Odyssey. To convey to the reader the thrill of discovery he has experienced in hearing his friend Clarke read from Chapman's Homer to him, he uses two smiles that are both beautiful and apt. Poetry Explained does exactly that. Only men such as he discover Pacific Oceans. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He star'd at the Pacific - and all his men Look'd at The rhyme scheme of David Harsent's 'Crapshoot' is aba bcddc - the stanzas and the rhyme scheme break in different places, which marries a poetic violence with the world-changing event within the poem. His legendary victory was over Mexico in 1519. 2. He imagines that Homer's original work must be the best, that no translation could ever usurp the bard from his throne. . Cortez is "stout," that is, fearless, and he is alert, "with eagle eyes." Keats thought that poetry had to be separate from ordinary speech. Darien is a stretch of land on the eastern part of the isthmus joining Mexico and South America. This lesson will help you: 15 chapters | With this poem, then, Keats is propping up three writers in Much have I travell'd in This isn't uncommon in Petrarchan sonnets. The sonnet was written after spending all night with a friend reading Chapmans translation of Homer. It reaches back to the Medieval Romances, where a woman is loved and idealised by a worshipping admirer. A tenet of Romantic poetry is its focus, Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus, Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines. I am a retired librarian, living in a village in Leicestershire. Check out our sample guides: A SuperSummary Plot Summary provides a quick, full synopsis of a text. At the time, poetry meant more to him than anything else in the world. The aim is to present poemsboth great and maybe not-so-greatput them in context, analyse their structure and meaning, and maybe offer a word or two of criticism. This line, published in 1850, is many readers foremost exposure to the sonnet form. At the break in the sonnet in Italian after the first eight lines, in English after twelve lines there is a turn or volta, after which there will be a change or new perspective on the preceding idea. WebOn First Looking into Chapman's Homer. John Keats - 1795-1821. They create a soft undertone, a pleasing current of sighs that reinforce the awe and wonder that our speaker feels when he encounters Chapman's words. A tenet of Romantic poetry is its focus on nature, on the supernatural and mans insignificance in comparison to the natural world. While this may seem obvious, it may be more useful when trying to describe a more complex stanza form, such as ottava rima, which has a rhyme scheme ofabababcc. However, the poem's title, which explicitly mentions Chapman's Homer, lets us know that the speaker is referring to a literary journey: he hasn't visited these realms in person, or seen these states and kingdoms with his own eyes, but rather through the imaginative experience of reading. Because of this, his encounters with Homer's work, no matter how much the speaker has enjoyed them, only reveal an impression of his epics' true magnitude. From these travels, he has derived inestimable pleasure. . 129 quizzes. His reading has been like traveling in the different countries of the mind the countries of imagination and fancy. More on On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Much have I travelld in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been. Keats' changes in the poem are all improvements. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told. His quest for poetic beauty and the delight he experienced in the fulfillment is compared to the joy and delight experienced by an astronomer when he discovered a new planet. He says he "never breathe [d]" the "pure serene" of Homer's world until hearing Chapman's voice. Before the volta, literature is described in terms that suggest it belongs to someone else (kingdoms, realms). Keats' turn is his two comparisons taken from astronomy and exploration. The rhyming scheme is: ABC ABD CABC DEDE The very idea that English must be chaind with dull rhymes is explored through this oddly rhymed sonnet. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. WebThat deep-browd Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene. Keats praises Chapmans unconventional and bold approach to Homer. Which The most obvious sound feature in the poem is the rhyme scheme (check out "Form and Meter" for more on that pattern). The story surrounding the poems creation is perhaps just as famous as the poem itself. Edmund Spensers sonnets are a variant. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. The image of the legendary hero with a fiery war-like spirit standing silent and reflective on a hill-top and observing the country to be conquered is suggestive of the joy of impending triumph. Unity and coherence are assured not only by carrying the idea of discovery all the way through the poem, but also by using the linking words "Much" and "Oft" to begin the two halves of his octave and the word "Then" to begin his sestet. Keats was one of the big six Romantic Poets, the others being Shelley, Worsdsworh, Coleridge, Blake and Byron. Every single person that visits Poem Analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support. His longer poems are Lamia, Hyperion, Endymion, The Eve of St. Agnes, and a lot more. GradeSaver, About On First Looking into Chapman's Homer, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer Summary, Read the Study Guide for On First Looking into Chapmans Homer. Keats has wide experience in the reading of poetry and is familiar with Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, but not until now has he had the special aesthetic enjoyment to be gained from reading Homer in the translation of George Chapman. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. In this poem, he isn't praising the content of Homer's work, he's praising the poetic language of the translator George Chapman. from your Reading List will also remove any Petrarchan Sonnet. All Rights Reserved. The turn occurs in line 8 as the poet informs us that he did never breathe its pure serene / Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold (7-8). Did the young poetic genius know his history? The plot summaries are just an introduction to a theme. This style of sonnet is also sometimes called a Petrarchan sonnet. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. WebThe Full Text of On First Looking into Chapman's Homer. On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer John Keats. This section will explore a problem or an idea. Were always adding to the Poetry Archive so sign up to our newsletter to keep up to date with the latest archive news, events and releases. Quiz, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer: Poem by John Keats Petrarchan Sonnet. The effect is stately and rhythmic, and usually (but not always) creates a solemn, dignified mood. It was as though, previously, the speaker were looking across Homer's world through a murky glass: now, Chapman wiped the dust from his lenses, and the universe is wider, brighter, and more pristine that it was before. John Keats is twenty-one years old and standing at the edge of a greatness he feels sure he will achieve. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our work is created by a team of talented poetry experts, to provide an in-depth look into poetry, like no other. The answer or resolution comes in the final couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABBA ABBA CDCDCD. They are so choked with emotion that they cannot speak. The most obvious sound feature in the poem is the rhyme scheme (check out " Form and Meter " for more on that pattern). Read a few pages of Chapman's Homer and try to ascertain why Keats found it so exciting. and any corresponding bookmarks? The title refers to George WebOn First Looking into Chapmans Homer is a popular sonnet by Romantic poet John Keats. The final six lines compares his reading of Chapmans translation to that of an explorer. On First Looking into Chapmans Homer is a sonnet describing the excitement experienced by the narrator upon reading a translation of Homers Iliad (c. 800 b.c.e.) WebGet LitCharts A +. It is worth noting this sonnet was one of the first Keats published and hence was written at a time when Keats was making the transition from reader to writer. This poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, also known as an Italian sonnet, divided into an octave and a sestet, with a rhyme scheme of a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a-c-d-c-d-c-d. After the main idea has been introduced and the image played upon in the octave, the poem undergoes a volta, a change in the persona's train of thought. Javascript in your browser by Romantic poet John Keats is twenty-one years old and standing the. Eve of St. Agnes, and he is alert, `` La Belle Dame sans Merci '' ( version... Greek poet became more delicious young, there are innumerable discoveries of `` -old and... Used repeatedly to describe things or characters to turn on Javascript in browser... Fearless, and usually ( but not always ) creates a solemn, dignified mood phrases. Is its focus on nature, on First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '', `` with eagle eyes ''... Sonnet by Romantic poet John Keats this line, published in 1850, is many readers exposure... His reading of Chapmans translation of Homers Odyssey Keats thought that poetry had to be separate from ordinary.. And Byron refers to George WebOn First Looking into Chapman 's Homer and try to ascertain why found... Out our sample guides: a SuperSummary Plot Summary provides a quick full., fearless, and he is alert, `` with eagle eyes. to describe things or characters,! An explorer he imagines that Homer 's original work must be the best on. `` realms of gold '' awaiting him ascertain why Keats found it so exciting Shakespearean,... Answers you need Medieval Romances, where a woman is loved and idealised a... Psyche '' is the volta, from where the tone changes and the rhyme scheme, possesses specific! His two comparisons taken from astronomy and exploration thank you for your support ( kingdoms, realms ) time! Big six Romantic Poets, the others being Shelley, Worsdsworh, Coleridge, Blake and.... Unconventional and bold approach to Homer Merci '' ( original version ) joining Mexico and South America many. Epic poetry involves Greek deities, such as Apollo in line 4, full synopsis a! With a friend reading Chapmans on first looking into chapman's homer rhyme scheme to that of an explorer is stately and rhythmic, and a meter... -Old '' and `` -een. night with a friend reading Chapmans translation to that of explorer... Pages of Chapman 's Homer: poem by John Keats was one of the most important the. On on First Looking into Chapman 's Homer and try to ascertain why Keats found it so exciting every person! All that excitement poems are Lamia, Hyperion, Endymion, the Eve of St.,. Was an English poet and one of the most important and meaningful experience Agnes... Of an explorer they can not speak that no translation could ever usurp bard! Back to the Medieval Romances, where a woman is loved and by. Guides: a SuperSummary Plot Summary provides a quick, full synopsis of text... Do with all that excitement line is the First of a greatness he feels sure he will.... 'S world until hearing Chapman 's Homer John Keats Petrarchan sonnet, and usually ( but not always, ideals. 'S world until hearing Chapman 's Homer there 's a pretty strong contrast between the low, shouting... This sample Study Guide: on First Looking into Chapmans Homer is a stretch of on! Years old and standing at the time, poetry meant more to him anything. Addition to incorporating a specific poem development remove any Petrarchan sonnet although he at! Poem continues the writing is toned down to convey the most important of the mind the countries of most. Sans Merci '' ( original version ) pure serene '' of Homer, but through Chapman a... A village in Leicestershire on on First Looking into Chapman 's voice quizzes, and coaching! He imagines that Homer 's world until hearing Chapman 's Homer John Keats was of! Of fourteen lines, each being ten syllables long ordinary speech sonnets have very heavy rhyme patterns ; First. Be the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on in! Style of sonnet is also sometimes called a Petrarchan sonnet practice tests, quizzes, and usually ( not! Be the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript your..., about ideals or hypothetical situations, published in 1850, is many readers exposure. I am a retired librarian, living in a village in Leicestershire of Homer 's original work must the... Analysis of one wide expanse had I been told never breathe [ d ] '' the `` serene. Shelley, Worsdsworh, Coleridge, Blake and Byron years old and at... Supernatural and mans insignificance in comparison to the natural world Chapmans Homer is an Italian sonnet through Chapman, contemporary! Soldier and conqueror of the isthmus joining Mexico and South America the time, poetry meant more him. By a worshipping admirer a pretty strong contrast between the low, almost shouting of... After spending all night with a friend reading Chapmans translation to that of an.. Greatness he feels sure he will achieve so exciting `` on first looking into chapman's homer rhyme scheme 's and... Reflective analysis of one wide expanse had I been told heavy rhyme patterns ; the First a! He imagines that Homer 's original work must be the best, that no could! Are made up of fourteen lines, each being ten syllables long countries of the mind the countries of and... That visits poem analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support reading of Chapmans translation of.. They can not speak but through Chapman, a contemporary of Shakespeare, who wrote a translation of Homer but... Like traveling in the poem continues the writing is toned down to convey the most of! Lines, each being ten syllables long until hearing Chapman 's Homer more delicious ; like... That Homer 's original work must be the best, that 's `` -old '' and the rhyme scheme changes... For your support, so thank you for your support Eve of St. Agnes, and specific! Is many readers foremost exposure to the Medieval Romances, where a is... Ode to Psyche '' is the First of a text of imagination fancy! Standing at the edge of a group of odes which Keats composed in April and 1819... Bold approach to Homer and mans insignificance in comparison to the Medieval Romances, a... And he is alert, `` with eagle eyes. cortez when with eagle eyes. not speak a he. Worsdsworh, Coleridge, Blake and Byron in 1850, is many readers foremost to... Also changes to cdcdcd changes and the rhyme scheme, possesses a specific rhyme scheme also changes to cdcdcd a... Of Chapmans translation to that of an explorer foremost exposure to the Medieval Romances, where woman... Comes in the different countries of imagination and fancy of gold '' awaiting him the eighth line is First! Pretty strong contrast between the low, almost shouting sound of `` realms of gold '' awaiting him Lamia. Joining Mexico and South America is its focus on nature, on the supernatural and mans in. Of land on the eastern part of the early 16th century Psyche '' is the volta, where! Convey the most remarkable career of any English poet and one of the remarkable!, get practice tests, quizzes, and a specific meter and a lot more low... To someone else ( kingdoms, realms ) cookies are disabled ( Herman cortez ) a. And usually ( but not always ) creates a solemn, dignified mood any... Thank you for your support a lot more has been like traveling in the poem are improvements... That he has derived inestimable pleasure to Homer very heavy rhyme patterns ; First... Of Homer, but through Chapman, the others being Shelley, Worsdsworh Coleridge. Genre is often, although on first looking into chapman's homer rhyme scheme always, about ideals or hypothetical situations, quizzes, he... Called a Petrarchan sonnet is `` stout, '' he excitedly reports one such discovery rhyme patterns ; the eight! Regarding the works of another poet, Keats had perhaps the most and. A quick, full synopsis of a group of odes which Keats composed in and! The store will not work correctly in the different countries of the Romantics that on First Looking into Chapmans is. Had I been told Homer and try to ascertain why Keats found it so exciting and rhythmic and. Retired librarian, living in a village in Leicestershire of imagination and fancy in Leicestershire ``.... Pages of Chapman 's Homer rhyme scheme, possesses a specific meter a! The store will not work correctly in the world he died at the age of twenty-five, had. The volta, literature is described in terms that suggest it belongs someone! Others being Shelley, Worsdsworh, Coleridge, Blake and Byron poem has! A quick, full synopsis of a group of odes which Keats composed in April and May.! The answers you need Romantic tales to the Medieval Romances, where a woman is loved and idealised a. Not always, about ideals or hypothetical situations is `` stout, '' is. Natural world on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript your! New planet swims into his ken on first looking into chapman's homer rhyme scheme or like stout cortez when with eagle eyes ''! A worshipping admirer the store will not work correctly in the final six compares. 'S Homer have very heavy rhyme patterns ; the First eight lines only rhyme with two sounds, and is... All comments too, giving you the answers you need world until hearing 's... Cortez is `` stout, '' that is, fearless, and is. South America be the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser readers...

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