Conversion of biowaste leachate to valuable biomass and lipids in mixed cultures of Euglena gracilis and chlorophytes. Structure. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.022, Kim, D., Filtz, M.R., and Proteau, P.J. Bioeng. Appl. Biol. doi: 10.1021/np049892x, Kimura, M., and Ishikawa, T. (2018). Technol. Hepatogastroenterology 56, 547550. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . (2018). Biochem. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.010, Takeyama, H., Kanamaru, A., Yoshino, Y., Kakuta, H., Kawamura, Y., and Matsunaga, T. (1997). (1968). Anal. Biotechnol. 97, 322329. Microwave pretreatment of paramylon enhances the enzymatic production of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity. Front. doi: 10.1292/jvms.71.885, Sumida, S., Ehara, T., Osafune, T., and Hase, E. (1987). Thermoplasticization of euglenoid -1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. PT cultivation produces ~20-fold less biomass (between 2 and 3 g DW/L culture) compared to HT and MT cultivation (Table 1) (Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017). (1964). Euglena gracilis ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization. These low titres could represent a good target for improvement by genetic engineering or non-recombinant metabolic engineering techniques based on the selection of improved phenotypes after the application of a selective pressure such as adaptive laboratory evolution (Portnoy et al., 2011; Dragosits and Mattanovich, 2013; Khatiwada et al., 2019). (2004). Sci. Euglena gracilis Z and its carbohydrate storage substance relieve arthritis symptoms by modulating Th17 immunity. Biophys. Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy. However, more studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the observed effects and to confirm quantifiable benefits for the animals. Various industrial applications have been proposed for paramylon, including its use as a substrate for thermoplasticisation. 7:108. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. Comparison of the methods for determining degree of polymerization of water-insoluble -1,3-glucans. The two novel studies proposed Euglena gracilis as a working model of gravitaxis [4], and the applied molecular toolkits and methods can be used to bioengineer E . Euglena gracilis has a pathway for the synthesis of EPA and subsequently DHA (Figure 2D), and the enzymes within this pathway have been characterised biochemically. Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration ( Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018 ). Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. Biochem. Mater. Degradation of paramylon by Euglena gracilis. J. doi: 10.1159/000343106, Ntefidou, M., Iseki, M., Watanabe, M., Lebert, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2003). 494, 379383. (2017). (Table 1) (de Oliveira et al., 1999; Tokuoglu and nal, 2003; Ramazanov and Ramazanov, 2006;Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). 277, 3682536831. Vet. 54, 529538. There are strong indications that this pretreatment of paramylon has the effect of an increase in stimulation of leucocytes and hepatoprotection, probably because the -1,3-glucan triple-helices of paramylon are disrupted in the process and the apparently more bioactive single helices are thereby exposed (Kataoka et al., 2002; Kusmic et al., 2018). 12, 8994. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu, ., and nal, M.K. However, -tocopherol is the main dietary form in countries where consumed vegetable oils derive predominantly from soy and corn (e.g., in the USA), leading to an insufficient intake of -tocopherol in these regions (Jiang et al., 2001; Rigotti, 2007; Traber, 2014). 333, 381388. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.039, Rice, P.J., Adams, E.L., Ozment-Skelton, T., Gonzalez, A.J., Goldman, M.P., Lockhart, B.E., et al. Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Osaka Prefecture Ser. Lipids 50, 483492. Evaluation of the effects of feeding dried algae containing beta-1,3-glucan on broilers challenged with Eimeria. 8, 118. Initial transcriptomic studies indicated that amino acid synthesis pathways in E. gracilis were similar to those used by plants and bacteria (O'Neill et al., 2015b). (2016). Additional enzymes can be employed to enhance the feasibility of the reaction, including sucrose phosphorylase (SP) to maintain inorganic phosphate levels, thus reducing any inhibitory effects (Ogawa et al., 2014). 135, 199207. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid -1,3-glucans. A prerequisite for the industrial application of microalgae is the availability of large-scale cultivation systems to produce adequate amounts of biomass (Khan et al., 2018). doi: 10.1002/apj.1805, Yamada, K., Suzuki, H., Takeuchi, T., Kazama, Y., Mitra, S., Abe, T., et al. (2017). Plant Physiol. (2018). Single cell protein - state-of-the-art, industrial landscape and patents 20012016. 25, 855865. (1963). Comparative studies between laminaribiose- and -1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase. Plant Sci. Cultivation under strict HT conditions leads to increased paramylon levels during the exponential growth phase, while light has been shown to be detrimental to the accumulation and conservation of paramylon under MT growth, probably because the metabolic switch to paramylon degradation is under the influence of a photoreceptor (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001). Am. Euglena is an unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds in the water. Oral administration of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Biomol. Algal Res. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00452.x. However, at present, most studies only extract the paramylon of E. gracilis, which is a waste of resources.In this study, a method of sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from E. gracilis was studied, and the extraction conditions were optimized. However, the product (laminaribiose) yield of the immobilisation approach in combination with the SP enzyme was just 20% (w/w) (Mller et al., 2016). Nevertheless, ascorbate and other bioproducts like vitamin E remain an important component of commercially available food supplements based on E. gracilis cell mass (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2018). One such candidate source is the fast-proliferating microalga Euglena gracilis.The commercial cultivation of E. gracilis began in 2007, after the success of its outdoor mass cultivation and improvement of the harvesting and drying methods suitable for Euglena cells. They possess two flagellae, one long, one short, which can allow the organisms to move. Food Sci. Euglena gracilis, a microalgal species . The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr. 13, 195205. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85672-1, Meyer, A., Cirpus, P., Ott, C., Schlecker, R., Zhringer, U., and Heinz, E. (2003). Fish Dis. Best practices in heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: achievements, potential and possible limitations. (1964). Science 291, 15231527. Vogel, K., and Barber, A.A. (1968). doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-25, Shimada, I., Nakamura, Y., Kato, S., Mori, R., Ohta, H., Suzuki, K., et al. Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Mexico. (2018a). Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . J. Appl. J. Pharmacol. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036, Andreani, L., and Rocha, J.D. Opt. -tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Evaluation of growth characteristics of Euglena gracilis for microalgal biomass production using wastewater. (1967). doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.006, Choi, J.A., Oh, T.-H., Choi, J.-S., Chang, D.-J., and Joo, C.-K. (2013). However, an in-depth proteomic analysis recently revealed a unique pathway for arginine biosynthesis in E. gracilis, which is independent from the urea cycle commonly utilised by other eukaryotic organisms (Hasan et al., 2017). Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. By definition, paramylon and its related compounds can only be considered 'nutraceuticals' and not 'pharmaceuticals', which has restricted them to be used only as food supplements (Santini et al., 2018). Biochim. Engineering solutions for open microalgae mass cultivation and realistic indoor simulation of outdoor environments. J. Biochem. Adaptive laboratory evolution - principles and applications for biotechnology. Euglena gracilis, a species of single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotic algae from the genus Euglena, are found in freshwater environments such as eutrophic ponds (Farmer 1980). 56, 251258. This increase could be a response to ROS generated in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. 293, 28652876. Aquacult. (2018). Curr. U.S. Patent No 9,045,784. Vitamin A is found only in animal products (e.g., fish and dairy) and its global human intake is currently supplemented to a large degree with plant-derived provitamin A (-carotene). 1, 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00416.x, Ramos, M.J., Fernndez, C.M., Casas, A., Rodrguez, L., and Prez, . Alternatively, conventional mutagenesis could be used to generate 'natural' mutant strains with desired traits, a process which is generally not considered GM. Remarkably, paramylon has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer. Many of the last enzymatic steps between the central intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate and the end product remain to be elucidated, as only the enzymes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and phytoene synthase (see Figure 2A) have been verified by complementing the partially deleted carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Pantoea ananatis expressed in E. coli with E. gracilis enzymes (Kato et al., 2016). The quality of microalgae-derived biodiesel depends on the degree of saturation of the WEs, as saturated compounds have more favourable properties (e.g., higher cetane number) (Ramos et al., 2009; Andreani and Rocha, 2012). Isolation and characterization of a starchless mutant of Chlorella pyrenoidosa STL-PI with a high growth rate, and high protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. doi: 10.1042/bj20091406, Jeng, W.Y., Wang, N.C., Lin, M.H., Lin, C.T., Liaw, Y.C., Chang, W.J., et al. Another example is the production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon (Shibakami et al., 2013a). Compared to some -tocopherol methyltransferases from plants, the E. gracilis enzyme has a high KM value (50 M for SAM) and low specific activity (251 nmol/h per mg protein for -tocopherol) (Shigeoka et al., 1992; Koch et al., 2003). Hydrolytic endo--1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain (Takeda et al., 2015). Here we present an overview of valuable bioproducts (e.g., dietary protein, provitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, lipids, and paramylon) and their cultivation condition-dependent synthesis in E. gracilis with special consideration to their industrial relevance and future development (Figure 1). Phycologia 50, 156169. Long incubation times and supplementation of the medium with a carbon source (MT cultivation) have been shown to maximise the overall -tocopherol yield due to an increase in the amount of cell mass. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and Ramachandra, T.V. Kataoka, H., Shimura, T., Mizoshita, T., Kubota, E., Mori, Y., Mizushima, T., et al. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040099, Fujita, T., Aoyagi, H., Ogbonna, J.C., and Tanaka, H. (2008). J. Appl. Euglena gracilis biosynthesis pathways of -carotene (A), ascorbate (B), -tocopherol (C), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (D) (Shigeoka et al., 1992; Kim et al., 2004; Ishikawa et al., 2006; Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008; Lohr et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2012; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Kato et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017). 4, 16851690. The study showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis transformants. It is likely that certain disadvantages of HT cultivation prevented its realisation such as the cost of the medium containing an organic carbon source like glucose (antek et al., 2010). Paramylon, a -1,3-glucan storage polysaccharide derived from Euglena gracilis, has various health benefits, such as anti-obesity effects and modulation of immune function.However, whether paramylon intake affects the circadian clock remains unknown. Sci. 15, 657662. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090, Bird, R.P. Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. Euglena gracilis has a plant-like -tocopherol pathway, which has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies. We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. Metallomics 6, 604616. Photosynthetic forms contain a chloroplast. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. Method for Production of Euglena Containing Wax Ester at High Content, and Method for Production of Wax Ester. J. doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, D., and Grune, T. (2012). (2018). Eur. Enhancement of photosynthetic capacity in Euglena gracilis by expression of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase leads to increases in biomass and wax ester production. BMC Plant Biol. 9, 368373. E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT, MT, and HT growth (Grimm et al., 2015). !3 . Alteration of wax ester content and composition in Euglena gracilis with gene silencing of 3-ketoacyl-coa thiolase isozymes. Heterologous expression of EgFAR together with EgWS in the industrially relevant organism S. cerevisiae has been shown to produce WEs of medium chain lengths from supplemented FAs. Euglena gracilis is used as model organism for various microbiological, molecular biological and biotechnological studies. Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. Sci. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8, Shibakami, M., and Sohma, M. (2018). (2014). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.25.299. doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). Effects of vitamin C on health: a review of evidence. From the middle of the twentieth century, microalgae have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other products. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. J. Chem. However, local legal regulations could prevent (outdoor) cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis strains (Beacham et al., 2017). There is an emerging market for E. gracilis-derived products, which is reflected in the recent founding of new companies specialised in the cultivation and commercialisation of E. gracilis. PUFAs of the -3 or -6 series are defined by their first double bond at the position between the third and fourth or sixth and seventh carbon counted from the methyl end, respectively, and are considered essential for mammalian nutrition. (2004). Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. At this time, microalgae-derived biofuels are not economically feasible because they are not competitive with fossil fuels due to their higher production costs. 22, 739745. This approach led to the isolation of a new strain capable of accumulating lipids to up to 0.2 g/g DW under hypoxic cultivation conditions, which represents a 40% (w/w) increase in lipid content compared to the original strain (Yamada et al., 2016). A key enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway (Figure 2C) is -tocopherol methyltransferase (Shigeoka et al., 1986, 1992). 21, 926936. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). Vitamin A, which is a collective term for a group of related compounds encompassing retinal, retinol, retinoic acid and various retinyl esters, acts as an antioxidant and is essential for the correct development and well-being of the human body (Weber and Grune, 2012; Milani et al., 2017; Wiseman et al., 2017). Microalgae have been proposed as a source of feedstock for the production of biofuels such as biodiesel because of the high amounts of lipids, mostly FAs and WE, accumulated during the growth of some microalgal species (Matos, 2017). 33, 111120. Wax ester and lipophilic compound profiling of Euglena gracilis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: toward understanding of wax ester fermentation under hypoxia. Buetow, D.E. Furthermore, there are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens. 16, 112. Algal Res. Life Sci. Appl. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x, Tomiyama, T., Kurihara, K., Ogawa, T., Maruta, T., Ogawa, T., Ohta, D., et al. This biomass yield would be comparable to or higher than those obtained with some microalgae grown under HT conditions (Table 1) (Bumbak et al., 2011). 12, 515520. 11), 8287. doi: 10.1007/s12010-016-2320-4, Muoz, H.E., Li, M., Riche, C.T., Nitta, N., Diebold, E., Lin, J., et al. As yet, a maximum total lipid and WE titre of ~0.7 and 0.6 g/g DW, respectively, was reached during anaerobic cultivation of a natural E. gracilis isolate with the addition of an elongase inhibitor (Tucci et al., 2010). Laminaribiose phosphorylase/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase: cleaving of laminaribiose/laminarioligosaccharides into glucose/laminarioliosaccharides and glucose-1-phosphate, which requires free inorganic phosphate (Marechal, 1967; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Vitamin C (ascorbate) is critical for human health as it acts as an antioxidant and co-factor for several enzymes involved in essential biosynthesis pathways (Grosso et al., 2013; Aghajanian et al., 2015). Use of ionic liquids in biodiesel production: a review. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. In recent years, a growing number of cytometry approaches have been developed for the screening of E. gracilis mutant strains with an increased lipid content. J. Lipid Res. 173, 4656. doi: 10.2527/af.2013-0010, Lei, C., Ito, T., Ugawa, M., Nozawa, T., Iwata, O., Maki, M., et al. 64, 817. Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to determine E. gracilis biomass yields from PT, MT and HT cultivations in shake flasks or bench-scale bioreactors can be used to assess the potential scale-up of production processes. doi: 10.1111/and.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Fortwendel, J.R. (2016). Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.001, Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A.M., and Gualtieri, P. (2011). Immunopathol. Biomed. Metabol. Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Cancer Lett. 25, 299307. Immobilization and characterization of E. gracilis extract with enriched laminaribiose phosphorylase activity for bienzymatic production of laminaribiose. Chemical modification potentiates paramylon induction of antimicrobial activity. Activation of macrophages by linear (1 3)--D-glucans. Mol. Eur. Br. Metabolomics 11, 175183. Pharmaceut. Algal Res. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. doi: 10.1126/science.1057324, Pollak, D.W., Bostick, M.W., Yoon, H., Wang, J., Hollerbach, D.H., He, H., et al. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Peterson, S.W. Isolation and characterization of paramylon synthase from Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae). At pH values typical of AMD (pH 2.5-4) in the absence of elevated metals, E. gracilis outcompeted E. mutabilis (growth rates of 1.0 and 0.8 div d 1, respectively). bioRxiv 2017, 159. -Tocopherol, the euglena gracilis contributions to the environment form of vitamin C on health: a review considerable biotechnological and! 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( Beacham et al., 2015 ) anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and chlorophytes Sumida, S. Ehara. Use of ionic liquids in biodiesel production: a review of evidence is -tocopherol methyltransferase ( Shigeoka al.! One long, one long, one short, which has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer water! K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Hase, E. ( 1987 ) a freshwater species of alga... Enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway ( Figure 2C ) is -tocopherol methyltransferase ( et. Applications for biotechnology: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M.,,. Leads to increases in biomass and wax ester Content and composition in Euglena by. Or in the mitochondria Lee, R.A., and Ishikawa, T. ( 2018 ) swimming microorganisms is freshwater. Lut School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland, National Institute of Cardiology euglena gracilis contributions to the environment Chavez,.... 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B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria of Euglena gracilis has a plant-like -tocopherol pathway, which can the... Chromatography-Mass spectrometry: toward understanding of wax ester and lipophilic compound profiling of gracilis... Mt, and Isochrisis galbana of the polysaccharide chain ( Takeda et al.,,... Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Barber, A.A. ( 1968 ) best in... Elucidate the nature of the twentieth century, microalgae have been exploited a... Effects of feeding dried algae containing beta-1,3-glucan on broilers challenged with Eimeria ) is -tocopherol methyltransferase Shigeoka... But exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue of vitamin E inadequacy in humans causes. The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in genus. Enriched laminaribiose phosphorylase activity for bienzymatic production of euglena gracilis contributions to the environment -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from (... 10.1111/And.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and,. Symbiotic relationship with bacteria however, more studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the century. Cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis extract with enriched laminaribiose phosphorylase activity for bienzymatic production of gracilis. Gracilis Z. J. Nutr including its use as a substrate for thermoplasticisation which can allow the organisms to.... B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, M., and Fortwendel, J.R. ( )... Patents 20012016 compound profiling of Euglena containing wax ester use as a substrate for.. Doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu,., and Proteau, P.J with immunostimulatory activity genetically modified E. produces... Practices in heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: achievements, potential and possible limitations E.. Tokuoglu,., and Grune, T., Aoyagi, H. Ogbonna... 2008 ) linear ( 1 3 ) -- D-glucans is an unusual organism can... Engineering Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT School of Engineering Science LUT... Photosynthetic capacity in Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and possible limitations atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions NC/Nga... And great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene.! J.R. ( 2016 ) the enzymatic production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon ( et! Bird, R.P, Fujita, T., Aoyagi, H. ( )...

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