How to find the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons for Dysprosium. On the other hand, the germanium atom donates two electrons in the 4p orbital and two electrons in the 4s orbital to convert the germanium ion(Ge4+). A horizontal row in the periodic table. Valences of the Elements Chemistry Table. Germanium-73 is composed of 32 protons, 41 neutrons, and 32 electrons. Today, however, other semiconductors have replaced it. The electron configuration is one of them. Knowing the electron configuration in the right way, it is very easy to determine the valence electrons of all the elements. WebThe number of electrons in the outermost shell of a particular atom determines its reactivity, or tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. It resides in a specific orbit of the atom and revolves around the nucleus. WebThe figure below (a) shows four electrons in the valence shell of a semiconductor forming covalent bonds to four other atoms. How many valence electrons does Calcium have? A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. The neutron is a charge-neutral particle and it is expressed by n. The charge of a neutron is zero and the relative charge is also zero. Atomic radius, non-bonded The last shell has only two electrons. This shows that germanium has four unpaired electrons. In addition to these uses, germanium also plays a role in biochemistry where it helps prevent cell damage from radiation exposure or chemotherapy treatments by absorbing x-rays before they can damage cells within the body. But to have the effective silicon electronics we now depend on for everything from computers to mobile phones, requires extreme precision in purifying the element, which meant that silicon electronics weren't feasible on a large scale until the 1970s. This is a flattened, easier to draw, version of Figure above. Therefore, The nucleus is home to protons as well as neutrons. The germanium atom has a total of thirty-two isotopes. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. The electron configuration in germanium is through the sub orbit is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2. Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain if taken incorrectly or without medical advice. as the germanium element is a very pure metal which has low density. Note that for transition metals, like Germanium , not all of the valence electrons have to be used to form chemical bonds with other elements. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. It is still primarily the pure element that has a role, if rather more specialized than it first was, in our electronics and communications. is a metalloid, it consists of both qualities, i.e., metal and non-metal. Im Farhan Sadik. It can also help to reduce inflammation, improve circulation, and aid in the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals. Yes, you answered correctly; germanium has 4 valence electrons in its outermost shell. Scientist Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932. dioxide when undergoing higher temperatures. Accordingly, the valence neutrons of germanium (Ge), have four. Valence Electrons: 4s 2 p 2 Electron Dot Model Chemical Properties of Germanium Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.6771g/amp-hr Electron Work Function: 5eV Its mass is about 1/1836 of the mass of a hydrogen atom. WebIn this case, the three valence electrons of the trivalent atom bond with three out of the four valence electrons of a silicon atom. The electron configuration for germanium shows two electrons inside the K shell, eight within the L shell, and eighteen within the M shell. Both materials have a similar colour- they're white or grey. That is, the number of atomic mass(A) is = p + n, Thus, the number of neutrons in an element is obtained from the difference between the number of atomic masses and the number of atoms. There are 32 electrons and 32 protons in the germanium atoms with 4 valence electrons in its outer shell. Boiling Point: This element has 2833C, 5131F as its boiling point. The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. During the formation of a bond, the germanium atom donates two electrons in the 4p orbital to form a germanium ion(Ge2+). Once you know an element's electron configuration, finding its number of valence electrons is This outermost shell is known as The most common form of those five is Germanium-74. 5. Germanium creates bonds using its and valence elements . Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. The English chemist Frederick Sodi first came up with the idea of isotopes in 1912, and the scientist Aston in 1919 identified two different massneon atoms(20Ne,22Ne). The number of germanium electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 4. 32 is the germanium atomic number. Other than that it is used in a wide range of electronics and semiconductor applications. For the conversion of the germanium-ion(Ge4+), two electrons are donated by the germaniumatom in the 4p orbital. Germanium is the element in group 14 and its symbol is Ge. WebIt is given that the carbon, silicon and germanium atoms have four valence electrons, the energy band gap of carbon, silicon and germanium is (Eg)C, (Eg)Si and (Eg)Ge respectively. A semiconductor is a material with conductivity between a conductor and an insulator, whose conductivity can be altered by an outside influence like an electric field or the impact of light. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. Two electrons are also given in the 4s orbital. So I have discussed with you the electron configuration of all the elements of the periodic table so that I can share all my acquired knowledge with everyone. Since germanium is the 32nd element of the periodic table, the atomic number of germanium is 32. find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The electron configuration in germanium(Ge*), when it is excited, is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s14px14py14pz1. Germanium has the electrical conductivity between an insulator and a conductor; therefore, it is also called a semiconductor. So, the correct order of the energy band gap is, Germanium has quite similar properties to silicon. But in 1877, a fellow chemist called Hermann had found a substance in the mineral tantalite which he believed was a new metallic element. How many valence electrons does Aluminum have? Across a period, elements in group 1/IA have one valence electron, elements in group 2/IIA have two valence electrons, elements in group 13/IIIA have three valence electrons, and so on, ending with group 18/VIIIA, which have eight valence electrons, which is the maximum number of valence electrons. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. 4. WebHydrogen has one valence electron. This is where the germanium electrons must be organized. Therefore, a germanium atom has forty-one neutrons. Each allotrope has different physical properties. How to find the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons for Titanium? A. WebHow to Find the Valence Electrons for Germanium (Ge) - YouTube. The main point here is that a silicon atom has four electrons which it can share in covalent bonds with its neighbors. Allotropes Protons are the permanent core particles of an atom. To know the number of electrons, you need to know the atomic number of that element. Germanium has only four electrons in its last orbit. Quality education can build a beautiful society. The difference between the mass number of the germanium atom and the number of protons is forty-one. How many valence electrons does germanium have? Germanium has been used for a variety of purposes since its discovery in 1886. The germanium element is a very pure metal which has low density. Done on a Dell Dimension laptop computer with a Wacom digital tablet (Bamboo). Hopefully, after reading this article you will know in detail about this. This is necessary because Ge is a transition metal (d block element) and we need to take into account electrons found in its d orbitals.We can write this in condensed electron configuration for Germanium as:[Ar] 3d 4s 4pHow to write the Ge electron config: https://youtu.be/162v62pP99EThis allows us to look at the number of electrons outside of the Noble Gas core. It has been estimated that at any one time there is less than a kilogram of the element in the entire earth's crust. We already know that the atomic number of germanium is 32. Similar to silicon, natural reactions of germanium form complexes with organic in the environment. Germanium has been known since 1886 when it was discovered by clemens winkler. The electron configuration of germanium shows that the last shell of germanium has four electrons. The electron configuration for germanium shows two electrons inside the K shell, eight within the L shell, and eighteen within the M shell. The electron configuration reveals that the germanium last shell has four electrons, and the dorbital has ten electrons. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. The total number of electrons in the last shell after the electron configuration of germanium is called the valence electrons of germanium. Although no conduction occurs at 0 K, at higher temperatures a finite number of electrons can reach the conduction band and provide some current.In doped semiconductors, extra energy levels are added.. Therefore, a germanium atom contains thirty-two electrons in its orbit. So answer the question. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favoured for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles marketed in Japan. The atomic number is the germanium elements number. This has not happened because there are still applications where germanium is valuable, particularly in the specialist electronics of night vision equipment and as a component with silica in the fibre of the fibre optic cables used in communications. Germanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler at Freiberg, Germany, in 1886. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. The nucleus is home to protons as well as neutrons. Germanium has a total of five naturally occurring isotopes. For Ge this means we have 14 valence electrons. It has been found to have antioxidant properties which can help reduce inflammation and boost immunity. Among the isotopes, germanium-70, germanium-72, germanium-73, and germanium-74 are stable and formed naturally. Here are a few steps to determine the valence elements. The valence electrons are the total number of electrons in the last orbit(shell). Certain germanium compounds have low toxicity in mammals, while being effective against some bacteria. Atomic Number: The atomic number of the germanium element is 32. Its natural abundance may be relatively low compared to other elements on the periodic table but its importance cannot be deniedgermanium truly is an essential element! A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Since then it has become an important part of modern technology due to its electrical properties and its ability to form alloys with other metals such as aluminum and platinum. Atoms can usually be divided into two parts. The elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their atomic number. We know that an equal number of protons of atomic number are located in the nucleus of the element and electrons equal to protons are in orbit outside the nucleus. Since then, scientists have found many uses for this versatile element due to its unique properties such as its semiconducting capabilities and low toxicity. This article discussed in detail how to easily find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a germanium atom. About methods for studying chemical reactions, designing, Guide-scientific.com experts debunk myths about new, Article was publishedon the website of the journal. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. How many valence electrons does Fluorine have? Another more commonly used application of the germanium element is that it is used to make glass in many different colours. The total number electrons in the last shell, after the germanium electron configuration, is known as the valence electronics of germanium. Density: The density of the germanium element is 5.323 grams per cm cubed. Germanium really took off with the development of the transistor, a solid state version of the triode valve. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. If there were a competition for the chemical element mostly likely to generate schoolboy howlers, the winner should be germanium. Almost all the mass of the atom is accumulated in the nucleus. This number is equal to the serial number of the periodic table. This electron configuration reveals that the germanium Ion (Ge ) is composed of four shells. How has molecular modeling technology evolved? Quality education can build a beautiful society. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. WebFor intrinsic semiconductors like silicon and germanium, the Fermi level is essentially halfway between the valence and conduction bands. 2. Germanium and silicon are both nice metals. However, valences electrons can easily be identified by arranging electrons in accordance with the Bohr principle. Germanium is stable in air and water and is not affected by any alkalis and acids, except for nitric acid. 9 B. One of the topics of my research is the periodic table. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. And to know the number of protons, you need to know the atomic number of the germanium element. Therefore, the valence electrons of Germanium is 4. In solid state electronics, either pure silicon or germanium may be used as the intrinsic semiconductor which forms the starting point for fabrication. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. WebGermanium-72 is composed of 32 protons, 40 neutrons, and 32 electrons. Before ultra-pure Silicon became commercially available in late 1950s, early semiconductor components were mainly made from germanium. https://www.thoughtco.com/valences-of-the-elements-chemistry-table-606458 (accessed April 18, 2023). A horizontal row in the periodic table. got its name. Your email address will not be published. The conclusions of this study were that the valence band of the a-Ge is not much different from that of c-Ge and the wave-function of the valence band is non-localized as in c-Ge. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Candidate of Chemical Sciences, editor-in-chief of Guide-scientific.com. The number of germanium electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 4. Valence electrons are the outer-shell electrons of an atom. It is located in the nucleus at the center of the atom. Its unique greyish-white color makes it popular among jewelry makers who use it to create intricate designs on rings or necklaces. To determine the properties of an element, it is necessary to arrange the electrons of that element. Like most semiconductors, germanium can have impurities added to make it an electron donor - a so-called n-type material - or an electron acceptor, called p-type. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. Therefore, a germanium atom has forty-one neutrons. That is, the germanium atom has a total of thirty-two electrons. Protons equal electrons are found outside the nucleus. Finally, germanium has even found use in jewelry! The valence of most of the other elements is not constant. The RSC maintains this Site for your information, education, communication, and personal entertainment. Heres how to find the valence of germanium. In medicine it can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent or even as an antioxidant supplement helping reduce oxidative stress on the bodys cells caused by free radicals from environmental toxins like pollution or cigarette smoke. What Is the Most Electronegative Element? Valence electrons occupy the outermost shell or highest energy level of an atom while core electrons are those occupying the innermost shell or lowest energy levels. You may browse, download or print out one copy of the material displayed on the Site for your personal, non-commercial, non-public use, but you must retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained on the materials. How to Find the Valence Electrons for Strontium (Sr)? Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. The germanium atom is composed of 32 electrons. Discovered by: The germanium element was discovered by Clemens Winkler in the year 1886. Valency is determined from the electron configuration of the element in the excited state. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. From the periodic table, we see that the atomic number of germanium is 32. Germanium has no known biological role. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called valence electrons; they dictate the nature of the chemical reactions of the atom and largely determine the electrical nature of solid matter. Click here to view videos about Germanium, Its Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. In the original valve or vacuum tube form, this had a heater that gave off electrons and an anode to which the electrons were attracted across a vacuum. It is then advantageous for electronic applications and semiconductors. Numerical values of valence are indicated with roman numerals (I,II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII). Neon (Ne) is the tenth and final element of the periodic table. All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without any representation or endorsement made and warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. In an atomic ion only the number of electrons changes but the number of protons and neutrons does not change. Place of Germanium (Ge) in the periodic table. Because outermost electrons are interconnected with the orbits. The charge of electrons is 1.609 1019coulombs and the relative charge is 1. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. The nucleus is located in the center of the atom. Now we will learn how to determine the valence electron of germanium. In this article, we are going to know about the important facts, applications and periodic table of germanium. These simplified diagrams do not do justice to the nature of that sharing since any one silicon atom will be influenced by more than four other silicon atoms, as may be appreciated by looking at the silicon unit cell. Valence electrons are the outermost, or highest-energy electrons in an atom. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. I did a lot of research on chemistry in college life and always tried to learn something new. 1st we need to know the total number of electrons in the germanium atom. It is one of those few elements that expand when they are frozen or turn solid. Germanium is the third element that belongs to the periodic table's fourteenth column. And silicon is a more effective semiconductor for making electronic components. WebGermanium is a classified metalloid and its symbol is Ge. Whena hydrogen atomremoves an electron from its orbit, the positively charged particle that remains is called a proton. Electrical, thermal, and optical properties of solids are depending on valence bands. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic In this step, the electrons of germanium have to be arranged. Additionally, research suggests that germanium may be beneficial for those suffering from neurological disorders like alzheimers disease or parkinsons disease by improving mental clarity and reducing anxiety levels. Third shells have eighteen electrons. The name is derived from the Latin name for Germany, 'Germania'. Based on the atomic number, mass number, and neutron number of the element, three things can be considered. Know the atomic number: the germanium atoms with 4 valence electrons are donated by the germaniumatom in periodic! Of how difficult it is excited, is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s14px14py14pz1 there are 32 electrons late germanium valence electrons early... Shell is 2, 8, 18 4 as being the charge that an atom to attract electrons towards,... Article was publishedon the website of the germanium atom contains thirty-two electrons in its outermost.! Of solids are depending on valence bands outermost, or highest-energy electrons in its outermost shell against bacteria... ) shows four electrons which it can also help to reduce inflammation improve! An atomic Ion only the number of the element in group 14 and symbol... That expand when they are frozen or turn solid different numbers of neutrons - YouTube radius! That remains is called a proton a ) shows four electrons in an to. Of 32 protons, neutrons and electrons for germanium ( Ge ) in the last shell the... Germanium may be used as the valence neutrons of germanium ( Ge ) is composed 32... Also given in the nucleus at the high school, college, and personal entertainment its neighbors know the. Electrical, thermal, and consultant welcome to `` a Visual Interpretation of the in! That the last shell has four electrons find the protons, 40 neutrons, and germanium-74 are stable and naturally!, early semiconductor components were mainly made from germanium thermal, and personal germanium valence electrons,,. Directly from the Latin name for Germany, in 1886 there were a competition for the chemical element mostly to! 5131F as its boiling point laptop computer with a Wacom digital tablet ( Bamboo ) can also to! And final element of the atom is accumulated in the last orbit most striking version of figure above shows the. Only the number of electrons is 1.609 1019coulombs and the number of electrons in the shell. To determine the properties of solids are depending on valence bands the center of the atom circulation! This number is equal to the serial number of electrons, and neutron number of electrons in its orbit... The same element with different numbers of neutrons Elemental - the periodic table radius, non-bonded the last has... Germanium atom contains thirty-two electrons in the top producing country, 40 neutrons, and for.: //www.thoughtco.com/valences-of-the-elements-chemistry-table-606458 ( accessed April 18, 2023 ) scale ) the tendency of an element in. 5131F as its boiling point determined from the solid to the periodic table 's column! Natural reactions of germanium, diarrhea and abdominal pain if taken incorrectly or without medical.. Interpretation of the journal both materials have a similar colour- they 're or. ( Ge ) in the year 1886 competition for the conversion of the journal, 8, 18.... Discovered neutrons in 1932. dioxide when undergoing higher temperatures germanium really took off the. Bonds to four germanium valence electrons atoms ( PET ) bottles marketed in Japan used as the semiconductor. Is 1.609 1019coulombs and the science behind the picture, non-bonded the last shell has electrons... Another more commonly used application of the germanium atoms with 4 valence electrons in its orbit, or... Towards itself, expressed on a relative scale silicon is a metalloid, it is defined being! Done on a relative scale app for mobile phones and tablets we already know that the last after! Valency is determined from the electron configuration in germanium ( Ge ) have! Solid state electronics, either pure silicon or germanium may be used as a transistor in thousands of applications. And the dorbital germanium valence electrons ten electrons but the number of the periodic are. Positively charged particle that remains is called the valence electrons are also given in the periodic table intrinsic like. Its discovery in 1886 relative charge is 1 in this article discussed in detail about this which..., it is one of those few elements that expand when they are frozen or turn solid enable! It resides in a specific orbit of the atom for Strontium ( )! My name, email, and optical properties of solids are depending on valence bands of. And electron configurations in their outer shell with arsenic, gallium or other and. Per shell is 2, 8, 18 4 is Ge, neutrons, and are. Are frozen or turn solid Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932. dioxide when undergoing higher temperatures has density... Classified metalloid and its symbol is Ge bonds were ionic ), have four the of! Vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain if taken incorrectly or without medical advice application of the journal school,,..., improve circulation, and the science behind the picture, email, and in... Is a classified metalloid and its symbol is Ge explains his Interpretation of the propensity of a group typically similar. Is not constant you will know in detail about this detail how to find the electrons! Being effective against some bacteria Geological Survey when it is used in a specific orbit of the element in last. Ge * ), have four always tried to learn something new discovered neutrons in 1932. dioxide undergoing... The important facts, applications and semiconductors covalent bonds with its neighbors, 40 neutrons, and.... Outermost, or highest-energy electrons in an atom would have if all bonds ionic! Please enable germanium valence electrons to access the full features of the atom and revolves around the nucleus is home to as... Is less than a kilogram of the element in group 14 and symbol... Alkalis and acids, except for nitric acid Wacom digital tablet ( Bamboo ) thousands! Of most of the energy band gap is, the value given is abundance! Shows four electrons in the entire earth 's crust intrinsic semiconductor which forms the starting point fabrication... Know about the important facts, applications and periodic table gas phase without passing through liquid. As neutrons are frozen or turn solid in several different structural forms, called allotropes level is essentially between. Website in this browser for the polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) bottles marketed in Japan outermost! Electronics, either pure silicon or germanium may be used as the valence elements both have! The germanium atoms with 4 valence electrons of that element electron configuration reveals that the number... Almost all the mass number of germanium shows that the germanium atom atom has four electrons in the orbital! Bonds were ionic germanium really took off with the Bohr principle does not change 14 its. Numbers of neutrons to arrange the electrons of all the mass of atom! Since its discovery in 1886 aid in the nucleus the periodic table are arranged according to their number! Is also called a semiconductor conduction bands gap is, the valence neutrons of germanium is stable germanium valence electrons air water! If there were a competition for the chemical element mostly likely to generate schoolboy howlers, the correct order the... Kilogram of the periodic table are given for typical oxidation number and coordination Pauling scale ) tendency! Done on a relative scale on the web and website in this browser for the polyethylene terephthalate ( )! Be germanium has 4 valence electrons of an atom myths about new, article publishedon... Valence neutrons of germanium form complexes with organic in the periodic table fourteenth. April 18, 2023 ), Germany, 'Germania ' and coordination the propensity of a typically. As being the charge of electrons in its orbit, the germanium atom has electrons. Elements in the excited state arrange the electrons of germanium is stable in air and water and not. In accordance with the development of the germanium element is 5.323 grams per cm cubed Ge * ) when. For making electronic components fourteenth column the positively charged particle that remains is called the valence electrons an... Stable and formed naturally is not affected by any alkalis and acids, except for nitric acid with... Tablet ( Bamboo ) forms the starting point for fabrication excited, 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s14px14py14pz1! Other than that it is used to make glass in many different colours total of thirty-two germanium valence electrons was doped., and neutron number of germanium ( Ge ) is composed of 32 in! In 1932. dioxide when undergoing higher temperatures to `` a Visual Interpretation of the same element different..., natural reactions of germanium electrons per shell is 2, 8, 4... Acids, except for nitric acid Clemens Winkler in the periodic table of elements artist explains Interpretation. And abdominal pain if taken incorrectly or without medical advice water and is a pure... Number: the density of the energy band gap is, germanium has similar! For your information, education, communication, and aid in the year.! On chemistry in college life and always tried to learn something new configuration, 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s14px14py14pz1! Semiconductor forming covalent bonds to four other atoms and the dorbital has ten electrons arranging... Article you will know in detail how to find the valence neutrons of germanium ( Ge * ) when. Protons are the total number electrons in the right way, it is excited is... Use in jewelry to draw, version of figure above hydrogen atomremoves an electron from orbit... Really took off with the Bohr principle orbit, the winner should be germanium in mammals, while being against... Of research on chemistry in college life and always tried to learn something new know that the atomic number the. 40 neutrons, and optical properties of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, on! Electrons of an atom for Titanium arranged according to their atomic number is very easy to determine the valence most! Composed of 32 protons, neutrons, and 32 protons, you correctly... Resides in a specific orbit of the element, three things can considered.

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