"[29]:59, For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. The Fall of Constantinople Primary Source Analysis. The section in the book that I cited talks about the military aspects of the siege and several tactics used in the battle. They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. Constantinoples defenders once again held their ground, however, and Baltaolus success at the islands was irreparably marred by the revelation that three relief ships from the pope and one large Byzantine vessel had nearly reached the city unhindered. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. [107][108] However many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. Mehmed repopulated the city with people from a multitude of backgrounds and faiths and relocated his capital from Edirne to Constantinople, ensuring a multicultural seat of power for a multicultural empire. [93] Many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. Pihak terlibat. [note 10]. 30 November 2015. [citation needed], In the summer of 1452, when Rumeli Hisar was completed and the threat of the Ottomans had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the union, which was declared valid by a half-hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452. Although the sultan attempted to prevent a total sack of the city, he permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way. Sultan Murad II laid siege to Constantinople in 1422, but he was forced to lift it in order to suppress a rebellion elsewhere in the empire. Task 3: Apply your understandingConstantinople in 600 CE . Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne. Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles (240km) away, Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. A small group reached the top of a tower through another gate but were nearly eliminated by the defenders until Giustiniani was mortally wounded by Ottoman gunfire while on the ramparts. Giustiniani intended to concentrate most of these men at the land walls to the north and west, the centre of which he observed to be the most vulnerable section of the city. [86]:283 On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed. Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[51][52]. Tanggal. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. The Discussion after the Arrival of Alexis. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook. Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). [77], Everywhere there was misfortune, everyone was touched by pain when Mehmed entered the city. PDF. They are also said to have been executed. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. Leonard of Chios made accounts of the atrocities that followed the fall of Constantinople stated the Ottoman invaders pillaged the city, murdered or enslaved tens of thousands of people, and raped nuns, women and children: All the valuables and other booty were taken to their camp, and as many as sixty thousand Christians who had been captured. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn. Updates? 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. Barbaro added the description of the emperor's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. The First Payment 2. Sources. [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. Print. Page 2 of 10 Performance Tasks - Causation: Cities and the Rise and Fall of States Goal of task Target concept: . [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. Volume 53. Constantinople The' 'DBQ QUIZ 2 FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FLASHCARDS OCTOBER 30TH, 2020 - THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY HAD SOME INFLUENCE ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THIS WAS THE . The fleet was twice driven back, and Baltaolu retreated to Diplokionion until the night of the 17th, when he moved to capture the Princes Islands southeast of the city at the same time that Mehmeds land regiments assaulted the Mesoteichon section of the wall. [31]:9697 Mehmed's massive cannons fired on the walls for weeks but due to their imprecision and extremely slow rate of fire, the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, mitigating the effect of the Ottoman artillery. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . A few civilians managed to escape. . Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Constantine's men eventually could not prevent the Ottomans from entering the city and the defenders were overwhelmed at several points along the wall. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom, and it exposed the Christian West to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the East. "The Fall of Constantinople." HistoryToday. After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. For Genoas part, the city-state sent 700 soldiers to Constantinople, all of whom arrived in January 1453 with Giovanni Giustiniani Longo at their head. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Original text: ' ' . During three days of pillaging, the Ottoman invaders captured children and took them away to their tents, and became rich by plundering the imperial palace and the houses of Constantinople. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. [40][pageneeded] Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span from 110 ships to 430 (Tedaldi:[44] 110; Barbaro:[43] 145; Ubertino Pusculo:[49] 160, Isidore of Kiev[46] and Leonardo di Chio:[50] 200250; (Sphrantzes):[45][pageneeded] 430). By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. by. In 1444 he lost an important battle to a Christian alliance in the Balkans and abdicated the throne to his son, Mehmed II. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. Mehmed himself knocked over and trampled on the altar of the Hagia Sophia. [32][pageneeded][31]:85 Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. [43], After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. The society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the west fell. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the . [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. Headed for a fall At its peak in 117 CE, the Roman Empire covered some 2.3 million square miles (5.9 million square kilometers) over three continents, Africa, Asia, and Europe. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing unity with the eastern church. [1] Score As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. Justinian built cities; he restored the Byzantine Empire to one faith, and he organized a uniform legal code. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. The Proposition Made by King Philip 3. A codification of Roman law that saved Roman laws, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. Perhaps most important was the conflict that developed between the churches of east and west. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Kemenangan telak Utsmaniyah; [2] dan berakhirnya Kekaisaran Bizantium. Having done so, the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite Janissary regiments were positioned. 0. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack. Some topics include Justinian and his Law Code,Theodora, trade power of Constantinople, The Great Schism, the invasion of the Ottomans, etc. [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. The unique . [23]:280, 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then Tuesday has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally. Historical!Context:! Edit. The rest of the citizens repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. However, Constantines capacity to defend his city was hampered by his small fighting force. The land walls spanned 4 miles (6.5 km) and consisted of a double line of ramparts with a moat on the outside; the higher of the two stood as high as 40 feet (12 metres) with a base as much as 16 feet (5 metres) thick. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. (14) $3.00. Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. The Venetian Nicol Barbaro claimed in his diary that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. This book contains the works that Psellos wrote about his family, including a long funeral oration for his mother that features unique recollections from a childhood spent in Constantinople; a funeral oration for his young daughter Styliane, which includes a detailed description of her physical appearance and a moving account of her illness and The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. Just before dawn, the sultan launched a coordinated artillery, infantry, and naval assault on Constantinople. [69]:37. [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. 1. Mehmed then ordered the severed head be skinned, stuffed with bran, and sent as a symbol of victory to the governors of Persia and Arabia, in order to remind them that "it was a Turk who did what for centuries they could not. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks. Today Constantinople is known as Istanbul it is the largest and most vibrant city in Turkey with a population greater than 12 million residents (although not the capital, which is Ankara). [103], Pope Pius II believed that the Ottomans would persecute Greek Orthodox Christians and advocated for another crusade at the Council of Mantua in 1459. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. Lokasi. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. [note 8]. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to . V. THE SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE l. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. 1.6k plays . The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first, followed by successive waves of the irregular azaps, who were poorly trained and equipped and Anatolian Turkmen beylik forces who focused on a section of the damaged Blachernae walls in the north-west part of the city. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capitol city of the Eastern Roman Empire, a new country was later developed known as Turkey. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. [31]:92 The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and Prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherios. Furthermore, with Constantinople having suffered through several devastating sieges, the citys population had dropped from roughly 400,000 in the 12th century to between 40,000 and 50,000 by the 1450s. Fifty carpenters and 200 artisans also strengthened the roads where necessary. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. The rise and fall of Constantinople coincides with the rise and fall of the Theodosian Walls. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. The city's strategic location and wealth made it a major prize for conquerors, and its fall had far-reaching consequences for the rest of Europe. Yet very little is said . According to the legend, the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople. [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city-states, a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati, chancellor of Florence, who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras, to lecture at the University of Florence. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina gained autonomy. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. [32]:388, The army converged upon the Augusteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. [20]:378 For 36 hours after the war council decided to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower for the general offensive. It falls in 476 AD due to speculated reasons. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. A severed head that was claimed to belong to Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos was found and presented to Mehmed and nailed onto a column. He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that's now known as Istanbul. [48], Mehmed built a fleet (crewed partially by Spanish sailors from Gallipoli) to besiege the city from the sea. My friends and men of my empire! 197-205. 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